Religion and Economics in Robinson Crusoe and Protestant...

Religion and Economics in Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Max Webers Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism One of the most recognized and influential theories in sociology appears in Max Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which links the development of capitalism to social and cultural factors, primarily religion, instead of economic factors alone. In his theory Weber concludes that the Protestant Ethic greatly influenced the development of capitalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. According to Gordon Marshall, Weber argues that the two most important factors of Protestantism contributing to capitalism were diligence in worldly callings or vocations and the notion of†¦show more content†¦Weber argues that this ethic helped foster developments in both the division of labor and capitalism. Until the emergence of the ethic and its faithful, says Weber, No genuine religion of salvation has overcome the tension between . . . religiosity and a rational economy. But Protestantism broke this tension by helping to organize and regularize work as one of Gods ways to test the individuals response to grace (Weber). Although this theory may not fully explain how two vastly different social systems--religion and economics--could be deeply interconnected, it does point to some fundamental links. Two especially important links involve the Protestant notions of calling and predestination. By the notion of calling Weber refers to the obligations imposed upon the individual by his position in the world (Weber). In other words, callings are the responsibilities and professions in our lives. But an important Protestant belief was that, being assigned by God, callings were not matters of individual choice alone. In the early eighteenth century it was thought that every persons employment was influenced by Gods call (Pauck 136); it was largely a matter of divine providence. According to one Puritan clergyman, God doth call every man and woman †¦to serve him in some peculiar employment in this world both for their own and the common good (qtd. in Tawney

Changes Of Climate And Fire Regimes - 1132 Words

When both changes of climate and fire regimes were simultaneously accounted for, on average, the climate scenario RCP2.6 resulted in the highest values for NPV, size diversity and total carbon stock under all management intensities, and the highest species diversity under most intensities. In year 2100, in general, the 20-year cutting cycle led to higher total carbon stock and size diversity but lower NPV and species diversity. Low-intensity management caused the highest total carbon stock (10 years: 823 – 854 ton ha-1; 20 years: 864 – 888 ton ha-1) and size diversity (10 years: 1.93 – 2.11; 20 years: 1.95 – 2.10) but the lowest NPV (10 years: 9,318 – 9,955 $ ha-1; 20 years: 3,426 – 4,056 $ ha-1) and species diversity (10 years: 1.28 – 1.31; 20 years: 1.18 – 1.22). Lower total carbon stock (10 years: 778 – 814 ton ha-1; 20 years: 800 – 828 ton ha-1) were expected with medium intensity but satisfactory species diver sity (10 years: 1.50 – 1.53; 20 years: 1.36 – 1.39), size diversity (10 years: 1.47 – 1.59; 20 years: 1.91 – 2.02), and NPV (10 years: 18,721 – 19,812 $ ha-1; 20 years: 7,749 – 9,596 $ ha-1). High intensity resulted in the lowest total carbon stock (10 years: 740 – 775 ton ha-1; 20 years: 768 – 794 ton ha-1) and size diversity (10 years: 0.89 – 1.02; 20 years: 1.27 – 1.40), but the highest NPV (10 years: 26,749 – 27,440 $ ha-1; 20 years: 13,302 – 13,757 $ ha-1) and species diversity (10 years: 1.58 – 1.61; 20 years: 1.53 – 1.56) (Tables 2-4). Diameter-limit andShow MoreRelatedHistorical Fire Management Practices On The City Of The State Of Victoria1585 Words   |  7 Pages TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview 2 Background 3 Site 3 Geography 3 Topography 3 Climate 3 Vegetation 3 Discussion 4 Historical Fire Regime 4 Lightning 4 Aboriginal Fires 4 European Settlement 5 Historical Fire Management Practices 5 Current Fire Regime 5 Climate Change 6 Tropical Monsoons 6 Values at Risk 7 Current Fire Management Practices 7 Future Fire Regime 7 Climate Change 7 Future Management Implications 7 Conclusion 8 Literature Cited 9 â€Æ' OVERVIEW â€Æ' BACKGROUND SITE GEOGRAPHY Melbourne isRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate And Low Nutritional Status Of Australian Soils1548 Words   |  7 PagesFor more than a century, there has been a heated debate if humans, thru the usage of anthropogenic fire regimes and direct influence on the extinction of mega faunas, affected the overall environment in Australia. 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E Business Fundamentals and Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the E Business Fundamentals and Systems. Answer: Introduction In the current business scenario, there are various developments being witnessed. Evolution of the e-technologies is one of the leading changes being witnessed by the modern day business organizations. This is due to the reason that initiation of the e-technologies changed the entire existing scenario of the business environment. There are various long term impacts on the modern day business being identified due to the initiation of the e-technologies[1]. However, along with the advantages that are being gained from the origination of the e-technologies, there are some challenges also being emerged. One of the major issues emerged is the privacy issues of the users of the technology[2]. In accordance to this issue, suppliers of the e-technologies for the businesses are initiating different strategies to overcome them. This report will discuss about the impact of e-technologies on the contemporary business organizations. In addition, the process of how e-technologies changed approach of the current business environment will also be evaluated in this paper. This paper will also discuss about the strategies and initiatives being taken by the suppliers of the e-technologies in overcoming the originated issues. Impact of e-technologies on modern day business There are various diversified impacts being identified with the initiation of the e-technologies on the modern day business operations. The following sections will discuss about the impact of the e-technologies in terms of different sectors. Business organizations rely on the supply chain in order to have their raw materials in place and to have the seamless flow of the raw materials. On the other hand, logistic and supply chain management also helps the business organizations to deliver and distribute their products to the right customers, in right time and in right place. With the initiation of the e-technologies, supply chain management of the contemporary business organizations is becoming more effective. This is due to the reason that, in the earlier time, all the activities in the logistic and supply chain management are being done manually, which were having more probability of error. While, on the other hand, initiation of the e-technologies helped to introduce the concept of Enterprise Business Planning software (ERP)[3]. Initiation of the ERP system in the logistic and supply chain management helped in having the all the activities being done through online medium. The entire activities can be tracked in real t ime. With the help of the initiation of ERP in the supply chain process, the flow between the inbound and outbound logistics of the supply chain will be interconnected and seamless. In addition, with the initiation of the e-technologies in the logistics, cost of transaction and other associated cost will also be less. This is due to the reason that in the case of the e-technologies, involvement of the intermediaries will be lower and a huge cost can be saved. Thus, the entire process of supply chain management will be more effective and efficient with the initiation of the e-technologies[4]. Business organizations will be able to keep the track their backward processes effectively with the help of the e-technologies. Human resource management Human resource management is one of the major operational areas for the contemporary business organizations. This is due to the reason with the help of the human resource management; business organizations can gain competitive advantages. However, in the case of the contemporary business organizations, it is difficult to manage their huge number of employees in their global operation manually[5]. Initiation of the e-technologies helped the contemporary business organizations to track all their employees in real time. In addition, it also helps the employees to keep in touch with their superiors through different e-technologies. For instance, in majority of the contemporary business organizations, all the internal stakeholders are having a universal online portal to stay connected with each other. Through these portals employees can share their issues and opinions to the upper level management and the managers can determine the need and requirement of their employees. Hence, with the initiation of the e-technologies, the communication process between the lower level and upper level stakeholders will be more effective. In the case of the payroll and compensation management of the employees, e-technologies also play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of the entire process. This is due to the reason that in the current business scenario, the payroll system of the employees is being managed through different software such as QuickBooks and Microsoft Dynamics GP. This software helps the business organizations to have the accurate and exact track of the elements in the payroll management of the employees[6]. Another major change occurred with the initiation of the e-technologies in the human resource management is the performance appraisal of the employees. Prior to the emergence of the e-technologies, performance appraisal of the employees were less effective due to the reason that employees data cannot get saved for longer period of time[7]. However, with the initiation of the e-technologies, online databases are being maintained. These databases are having all the details and records of the employees from their first day in the workplace. Thus, initiation of the e-technologies changed the existing process of performance appraisal and it become more effective accurate in the present time. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the current business scenario, initiation of the e-technologies helped the business organizations to have a singular approach of the human resource management in place[8]. Databases are being effectively maintained and can be retrieved at any point of time. Customer service Customer service is another sector, which is drastically changed with the initiation of the e-technologies. This is due to the reason that, prior to the emergence of the e-technologies; customer service is being done mainly through manual process. For instance, in order to have some sorts of issues, customers had to visit the particular organization in physical or they can call up with the problems. However, in majority of these cases, the approach was one way due to the reason that it is not assured that customers will be get redressed in minimal time. On the other hand, in the recent time, with the initiation of the e-technologies, online mediums are also emerged in managing the customers[9]. Customer relationship management software is being used in managing the customers as well as determining their need and requirement. Initiation of the e-technologies in providing customer service sector helped both the customers and the business organizations to stay connected at any point of time. Online portal is being initiated by the business organizations where customers and the executives stay connected and initiates two ways communication. Another step developed in the customer services with the initiation of the e-technologies is the social media. With the help of the social media, customers can stay connected with the service providers and can communicate their issues with having instant impact[10]. Thus, in the case of the customer care service, initiation of the e-technologies has changed the one way communication approach to the two ways communication system. It helped in increasing the level of engagement of the customers in the organizational processes. Overcoming the threats and risks In the current time, initiation and gaining of popularity of e-technologies in the businesses have also given birth to number of risks and challenges. Some of the major challenges are privacy issues with the users and infusion of virus and malwares in the system. However, in relation to these threats and risks, there are some strategies being initiated by the suppliers or manufacturers of the e-technologies in order to overcome them. In order to overcome the threat of data theft from the online mediums of the business organizations, suppliers of the e-technologies initiate various protection systems such as firewall system. Initiation of the firewall system helps the suppliers to have a full proof system against data theft. In the current business scenario, new age e-technologies are quite immune against the data thefts with having highly effective firewalls in place[11]. In the current time, it is hugely difficult to break the immune system of the e-technologies. On the other hand, firewall system offered by the suppliers is also immune against the viruses and malware. These firewalls also act as anti-viruses. Another major concern or threat in the e-technologies in the businesses is the breach of privacy. In the recent time, there are various instances where the business organizations have faced the issue of beach of privacy. This caused leakage of their confidential data and information. In addition, the customer data system of the business organizations is also having confidential information about their customers. Leakage of this data of the customers will have huge impact on the brand impression of the organization and on the privacy of the customers. In this case, suppliers of the e-technologies concentrate more on having effective and efficient Business Data Management (BDM). This enables the business organizations that are using the e-technologies to have better access to the management of the data[12]. Thus, the more will be the access to the data for the business organizations, the less will be the chance of breach of confidential data. Under the entire process of the Business Data Management, data and information are being classified under different categories ranging from high risk to low risk. Data classified under high risk is being secured with added level of security. This helps in having more security with the data privacy of the contemporary business organizations. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded that initiation of the e-technologies is having multiple benefits for the business organizations. This essay discussed about various benefits for the business organizations. Some of the major benefits gained by the business organizations from the initiation of the e-technologies are the effectiveness and efficiency in the human resource management, business process management, customer services, logistics and supply chain management. It is concluded also being concluded that the initiation of the e-technologies has changed the entire existing scenario of the business processes. However, on the other hand, there are some threats and risks also being identified in this essay, which are being faced by the business organizations from using e-technologies. This essay discussed some of the major critical issues of the e-technologies and the steps taken by the suppliers in overcoming them. This essay concludes that the steps taken by the supplies of the e-technologi es in the current time to immune the system from any types of potential risks or threats are effective enough to prevent the mishaps. However, with the rapid advancement of the technologies, more new types of threats are emerging, which will pose new challenge for the e-technologies suppliers. Thus, it is important for them to develop their immune system in relation to the emerging threats. Reference Alfes, Kerstin, et al. "The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model."The international journal of human resource management24.2 (2013): 330-351. Espinilla, Macarena, et al. "A 360-degree performance appraisal model dealing with heterogeneous information and dependent criteria."Information Sciences222 (2013): 459-471. Hull, Richard, Jianwen Su, and Roman Vaculin. "Data management perspectives on business process management: tutorial overview."Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. ACM, 2013. Kadry, Seifedine, and Mohamad Smaili. "Wireless attendance management system based on iris recognition."Scientific Research and essays5.12 (2013): 1428-1435. Lucia-Palacios, Laura, et al. "E-business implementation and performance: analysis of mediating factors."Internet Research24.2 (2014): 223-245. Mohelsk, Hana, and Marcela Sokolov. "Effectiveness of using e-learning for business disciplines: the case of introductory management course."E+ M Ekonomie a Management1 (2014): 82. Nofal, Muhmmad I., and Zawiyah M. Yusof. "Integration of business intelligence and enterprise resource planning within organizations."Procedia Technology11 (2013): 658-665. Tarhini, Ali, Hussain Ammar, and Takwa Tarhini. "Analysis of the critical success factors for enterprise resource planning implementation from stakeholders perspective: A systematic review."International Business Research8.4 (2015): 25. Trainor, Kevin J., et al. "Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM."Journal of Business Research67.6 (2014): 1201-1208. Varadhan, Kannan, Jean-Marc Frailong, and Anjan Venkatramani. "Scalable security services for multicast in a router having integrated zone-based firewall." U.S. Patent No. 8,713,627. 29 Apr. 2014. Wirtz, Jochen, et al. "Managing brands and customer engagement in online brand communities."Journal of Service Management24.3 (2013): 223-244. Zhang, Xiaojun, and Viswanath Venkatesh. "Explaining employee job performance: The role of online and offline workplace communication networks."Mis Quarterly37.3 (2013): 695-722.

Koran And Women Essays (1845 words) - Islam And Women,

Koran And Women The Koran's Attitude Towards Women The Koran is a book following the religion of the Muslim people. In it, many aspects of their ways of life and their attitudes towards different people are addressed. It mentions the strong feelings of the true believers towards Jews and Christians, however it gives a view of women that is taken two ways. A major part of their religion is the way women should be treated. This idea is a controversial topic as seen from a person that is not a true believer, or a Muslim. Conventional thinking brought out by the media have led non-Muslim people to perceive the treatment of women as suppressive. The Koran shows the reader both sides of the coin, and therefore, the reader must form an opinion of the way they thing women are treated. After reading The Koran, one would think that it belittles women, such as the way they are treated, and the role they play in society. However, with respect to their society habits, rituals, ways of life, and their religion, Muslim women are actually treated wi th more respect, and with more decency. The people of the book have very strict ideas about how society is to be run based upon their religion and culture. They are given certain rules and are expected to follow them. They have a proper understanding of how they are to live their life and how they are to treat other people. In the case of women, The Koran is very specific when it comes down to how they are to be treated and their role in life. ?Women shall with justice have rights similar to those exercised against them, although men have a status above women.? As long as you are not a true believer, you will never really know what this exactly means. Obviously in The Koran, men have more rights than women. But then how is this statement to be understood? In The Koran, men and women have rights that are far more gender bias; men are guided more towards money and power, while women are guided towards a family and the home. It is a society in which the woman is in charge inside of the house while the man has more power outsi de. People would think of this as degrading towards women, but it is done to look after them. As a protection to women, men are forced to go outside of the house into the world that is cold and evil. They are told that they must do this everyday and bring home money to provide for their family and wife. The woman is to stay home in a safe place and take care of what she knows best. This is not mean to make women feel inferior but to make them feel safe and free from the world. There are many reasons why people believe that women are treated without respect in the Islamic nations. First and foremost, it says in The Koran that women may be beaten: Men have authority over women because God has made the one superior to the other, and because they spend their wealth to maintain them. Good women are obedient. They guard their unseen parts because God has guarded them. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them, forsake them in beds apart, and beat them. Then if they obey you, take no further action against them. (64) Many people see this as wrong, but why? It is clearly stated in the Islamic religion that women may be beaten if they are disobedience. Why then, would a woman do something defiant if she knows that she will be hurt? She should realize that she must be a true believer and not be insubordinate; and if she is, then she must realize that she did something wrong, and according to her religion, she must be punished. She will know that she has done something wrong, and unfortunately will get beaten; however, if she is smart, she will know not to do it again and obey her husband. Another point that is stated in The Koran is that if a woman feels like she is being treated unfairly by