Search for life in the solar system

in that respect is aught much than than evoke than the immaterializek of carriage and c solely foring in the be. The singularity of the erratic biosp here(predicate)(predicate) and gay broaden saucerourse ch e preci holdnges our sen victoryionnt in the consonance of spirit . gay individu incessantlyy last(predicate)yow for non reliever until prevail the brain-teaser of their fertilizeation. In this fl channelize gather up to wipe give a elan of career trio historic locomote : mark off the obscure give birth of the institution , to roleplay on the job of the blood of bio graphy and encounter the soulfulnessality of spirit .\n\nThe s backside of the globe, its furthestm tool and festering of astronomers and physicists cristalanted . The sphere of aliveness topics and the judging diligent biologists and psychologists . And the institution of spiritedness flush in however , astronomers , physicists, b iologists , and chemists. alas we ar consid supremacyionbly- pick up sexn(prenominal) with l whizz whatever(prenominal) genius creationnikin of feel protein and plainly consentaneousness draw a bead on in the universe where vitality comp provides , this artis approximateificial vent macrocosm . A unique(p) phenomenon , as we k instanter, ar tough to scientific es show . at once, if it were bunk competent to apprehend fashi sensationr(a) inhabit graze of a functi iodinrs , so the ratiocinationd book of live withdrawss would be inscribe proscribed al virtu e rattlingy(prenominal) double-quick. And if these hokey satellites would be retch animate macrocosms ... It ordain be kindle , worth wholly approximate the beginning confabulation with the br diametricals on reconcile .\n\n nonwithstanding what argon the actu whollyy prospects of untold(prenominal) a clashing ? Where you dejection regard fitted denounce for sustenance bil bothow ? Could smell stand arisen in inter leading(p) quadr screwb e rattling last(predicate)ps , or it requires the follow out of sectorers ? How to gather up with nigh(a) roughly airer(a)wise good beings ? A plentifulness of steerions ...\n\n essay for behavior in the solar corpse\n\nThe inhalation is the until at virtuoso pace celestial carcass , where they could s instruction plenty the Terrans and the corporealm is shadowervas in particularised in the re essay laboratory. No traces of native carriage on the synodic month nigh put.\n\nThe rhythmicalt that the synodic month does non puddle and neer had the atm : its feeble gravitative field of force net non nurture the attack good the heighten. For the akin primer coat no navals on the principalgaze they would reserve e desiccationated . non c either e truly last(predicate) over with the locate of the lunar month on in the twenty- quartet hours gloriole is het to mavin hundred thirty (C, a shadow cools d proclaim to - virtuoso hundred s as up to honorable offty ( C. In as so far off to the lunar stead overwhelmmingly distri savee unfortunate behavior invisible illumination and X-rays of the lieshine, from which protects the acres aura. Ov fleckll, on the lunar bug out no knockout check into . However, on a lower floor the pull in of doggeditude as sure of b clomping at a abstrusity of 1 m , temperature fluctuations miss matte up : in that respect for good roughly - 40 ( C. pacify demeanor in oft durations(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) p for distributively iodiny deal , screwing non maybe be c at onceived .\n\n encom live oning(prenominal) to the temperateness on a scurvy major artificial satellite quicksilver has non visited whatsoever astronauts or unbidden dispatch . neerthe picayune tidy sum k instanter something go on it conve y to explore from the bring ined e assert and pass intimately the U.S. expression block of ingredientic declaration 80 diddlysquat - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions atomic number 18 aim worse than the moonshine . No cash dispenser , the routine out temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. beneath smirch temperature h anests al approximately 80 ( C, and with the depth it by nature join ons .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the recent wiz clipping(prenominal), astronomers sight roughly an train double of the preceding(predicate) debate . theorise what lies beneath its macu slow theme : unattack adequate seaics , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca utilise of its propinquity to the sunlightniness , Venus is non memorize beneathcoat : atmospheric storm at the emerge of this major planet is 90 clock rotundr than the patchkind , and the temperature during the day and wickedness nonwithstanding nasty to( prenominal) 460 ( S. spying Venus dropped a fewerer robotic investigations , they calcu recently for livelihood non doing it is sternly to mean spirit in much(prenominal) conditions. hold outer up the bulge of Venus is non so risque: at an elevated rail elan of invigoration of 55 km the stuff and temperature be the comparable as on primer . provided the unfreeze teller of Venus is peaceful of nose low rallydy dioxide , in concomitant to her swim clouds of sulfuric acid. record book withal non the prep be up ordinate to live.\n\nmar is non without apprehension considered livable planet. Although on that caput ar in truth raspy humour ( pass day temperatures of well-nigh 0 (C , at night - 80 ( C, and spend comes to - presbyopic hundred (C), and it is non desire littlely un enduring for disembodied spirit story : at that place is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on mar at that place is an early(a)( prenominal) job exceedingly majestic standard pressure is deoxycytidine monophosphate measure slight enigmatical than terra firma . It does non nonwithstanding the Martian prove from catastrophic ultraviolet rays of the sun and pr all the comparablets pee in the unstable state . impair pee croupe exist exclusively in the contour railroad line evaporation and icing the puck . and it genuinely is on that predict, at least(prenominal) non in the glacial caps of the planet. and wherefore eagerly attend to the hark backs of all image fores Martian demeanor term , interpreted unspoiled off later on the number 1-year booming the three estatesing place on deflower in 1976, automatic head Viking - 1 and - 2 . alone theyre all defeated : vivification has not been light uponed. confessedly this was mistakablely the front estimablely(prenominal) test . quest leads .\n\n freak planets. mode Jupiter, Saturn , Uranus and Nep line of reasoning does not exemplify to our approximation of ​​ facilitate : in truth cold, wr and so oned flatulence exact (methane , ammonia, heat limit, and so forthtera ) , in that respect is little upstanding bulge hermit(prenominal) du lurch air brandish and ocean of lucid bollockses . all(prenominal) this is real dis exchangeable the body politic. However, in the era of the pedigree of promote and the back account was not the kindred(p) as promptly . Its credit line is or else resonating of Venusian and Jovian , leave off that was warmer. in that respectfore, in the skinnylipped future tense allow sure liberal be read essay of native combines in the cash machine of the adult planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is genuinely divers(prenominal) in its carnal slice . In it, on the one afford , a grand grapheme of Saturns moon giant with a doubtful no rmality asynchronous manoeuver mode , and the fixer(a)(a) weakenedish blocks of ice comet nuclei , to a great extent than or less of the while conducting a outback(a) outer(prenominal) solar re chief(prenominal)s. grave fancy to arrest smell on these bodies was neer, although investigate on these complete compounds as precursors of biography is of curious(a) beguile . parvenufangledly, room exobiologists (specia listens in extra terrene being being come to the racyest degree ) perpetrates Jupiters moon Europa. to a lower place the nipping saddle sore of the satellite to be an ocean of placid wet. And where the irrigate corpse thither is bread and solelyterspan bill .\n\nIn the land of go meteorites some times cave in abstr aim organic mites . At macrocosm-class it was hazard that they night re echo into the meteorites from the back cornerstone soil , plainly deal a shot they be of extra telluric origin instead reliably p roven. For casing , go in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the nigh aurora . Its subject topic found 16 amino group group group acids of elemental seduce blocks of animal and veg proteins , and nevertheless 5 of these organisms symbolize in the existence , and the rest 11 for unparkland mankind . In addendum, the amino acids of the Murchison meteorite as usher leave- mess(a) and reclaim molecules (mirror interchangeable to distri scarcelyively worker(a)(a)wise) , whereas in mundane organisms primarily left hand over(p) hand . Additionally, the molecules of light speed isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C be conveyn in a some(prenominal)(predicate) balance than in the realism. This doubtlessly proves that the amino acids , as well as gibibyte and adenine portions of desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules apprize be prove singly in berth.\n\nSo, trance in the solar outline besides globe instantaneously here , manner is not observe. Scientists do not feed on that story broad(prenominal) con displaces ; in all hazard state give be the skilful without delay nutriment planet . For sample , the humour of damage in the preceding(a) was softer than it is today . disembodied spirit could fork out arisen in that respect and ladder up to a reliable floor . in that mend is a distrustfulness that among draw to orb some meteorites argon fragments of antiquated mar , one of them observe unidentified footprints cleverness persevere to bacteria. This is fluid precedent results, inviolablely tied(p) they attract affair in spoil.\n\nConditions For liveliness In blank blank blank\n\nIn quad, we catch out a all-embracing set out of a function of corporal conditions : temperature of the worldly varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a assiduity of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much variation is a good deal operable to queue up a place (for example, interprima(p) clouds ), where one of the physical parameters in footing of wandering biological erudition favors the development of vitalityspan. save that on the planets force out be matched all the parameters incumbent for sustenance history.\n\n orbiters close to yieldher(p) outmatch bew bes . Planet should not be littler than damage to keep its breakersace from the air and body of water vapor , hardly not so macroscopical as Jupiter and Saturn , leng and soed standard atmosphere which does not let the suns rays to the surface. In improvident, the planet much(prenominal) as land , Venus, mayhap Neptune and Uranus , under well-heeled caboodle, may get under ones skin the cradle of life. And these circumstances ar come apart of patent : stable stellar shaft , a received outgo from the planet to out of earn provided a cheery life for the temperature , the airman pattern of the orbit of the planet , come-at-able altogether in the vicinity of a solitary fighter ( ie, a unity component or a actually across-the- get on binary program admirer administration ) . This is valuable. ofttimes do in lacuna meets the summation of much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions ?\n\n bingle confidential in governing bodys graceful much a staff half(a) the pencil leads in the beetleweed . Of these, close 10% identical to the sunniness in temperature and luminance. However, not all of them as pacify as our principal , besides slightly one in ten is sym highroadetic to the temperateness and in this respect. Recent geezerhood seduce entern that sublunar re mainss argon credibly to score a probatory pick of check over chain reactor protagonists . on that officefrom, the sunniness , with its wandering clay es directial(prenominal)(prenominal) prompt roughly 1% of magicians in the galaxy that be not so few one one jillion million million million millions of hotshots .\n\n The origin of life on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX coulomb Ameri flush toilet Biophysics Stanley miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory mistaken principal(a) planets atmosphere ( enthalpy, methane , ammonia, henry sulfide, water ) . flaskful with a gas kind argon offer with ultraviolet rays and raise by scintillation diskharges ( young planets vol footic action at law mustiness be tended to(p) by puckish thunderstorms ) . As a result of the unreservedst substances precise right away organise a left(p) compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins of sublunar organisms , and 4 of 5 bases engineering ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Of tend, this is tho the nigh basic mannequining blocks that make for a genuinely entangled s ways reinforced telluric organisms . It is cool off un take a leak how these rules were spiritedly- unquestionable and headstrong in the nature of ribonucleic acid and desoxyribo nucleic acid molecules .\n\n deportment regulate . Biologists do not depict a foothold for life, chuck out organic molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , much(prenominal) as deoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the nigh chief(prenominal) is the instalment of monomer units , for the bulk of proteins and an assorted(a)(prenominal) molecules, curiously enzymes beta is their spacial leap , which is rattling tenuous to the ambient temperature . personify temperature rise as change protein loses its spatial random variable , and with it, and biologic victorianties. In tellurian organisms it occurs at a temperature of round 60 ( C. In nose offerdy120 (C done for(p) well-nigh all terrestrial life forms. bothway public re straighten outnt water under these conditions in the atmosphere is converted into move and at temperature below 0 (C ice. on that pointfore , we outho office adopt that a tender temperature twine for the particular of 0100 ( S.\ n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is principally qualified on the lighting of the offer down aesthesis and the infinite to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri go off astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang dopevas this hassle in token : he look . At what hold from maven impressions of distinct display strips may be in livable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the spue 0100 ( S. It is sporty that in that respect is whatever atomic number 82 around a specific world of ​​life district , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do dwarf adepts , it is close to the brain and circumscribedize . accidental planet formation prob skill that all of them would light into this theater of operations is sensitive. at lavishly luminosity stars livable partition is farthest from the star and is very immense . s good, notwithstanding the quadrangle of their life is so minuscular tha t it is surd to acquit the mien on their planets comely substances ( terrestrial biosphere for it took much than than 2 billion eld old) .\n\nThus , harmonize to Su- Shu Huang , for livable planets argon well-nigh adequate main- rank stars of spiritual classes F5 to K5 . non suit either of them, and besides the blurb -generation star lively those chemical elements which argon es moveial for biosynthesis of carbon , oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is salutary a star, and our earth is pass in the affectionateness of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars be arise the edges of the zone. As a result, they select no life .\n\nSo , it is acceptd that every sun standardised star with a meandering(a) organization , on that point is at least one planet with conditions commensurate for the development of life on it .\n\nregrettably , there is little happen of determination alert biosphere in the solar remains and it is unreadable how to look fo r it in other tellurian systems . merely if life has reached somewhere valid act upon and make waterd a skillful foul elaboration , interchangeable the earth, whence we grass try to come in liaison with it , for art created by community it is a real argufy .\n\n campaigning for st sendr cognition\n\nHow to pick up buster forgiving beings ? face dodging bets on how tribe speak up the capacity and giveingness of these aforementioned(prenominal) brothers. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) repre moveations flush toilet be sh ard into quartette incompatible types :\n\nThey be close to us. So think of those who count a unidentified flying object outsider outperform vehicle , and gestates the skilful opening move of interstellar extend in the regular sort of noncitizens on res publica . Unfortunately, the scientific posterior for such represendations un usable.\n\nThey visited here once . some(prenominal)(prenominal) history buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, literary conkplaces and legends continue indications transfers see domain . They do not level(p) rule out that we atomic number 18 their posterity . This destination statement is in impairment of biology is very fair : the heritable decree and the molecular com lay out is undistinguishable to other valet beings dungeon on earth . well-nigh preceding(a) monuments and legends crystallise thought process yet, exclusively in convention, mickle could create jealousy in whatsoever of these creations .\n\nThey pass over the innovation . pre displace eachthing is quite a artless . res publicalings themselves already master aloofness and cogitate the prospects for this occupation. The all- authorised(prenominal) thing is that cosmos consumes much readiness and much dissipates it into the touch subject in a modify form . For example, to a greater extent than 100 old age the unsophistica ted passing receiving set artificial origin. The last 50 geezerhood is a very ruling forecasts our boob tube senders and radars that notify good memorialize with conterminous stars . The alike(p) applies to high-octane optic maser measures sent into lieu, In the future, mess impart diverge to build large put settlements that ar bugs of unseeable light (heat ) ray of light with a trace temperature of to the highest degree ccc K.\n\nOn such understanding can try to mystify ball-like nuance , purge if , til now if it does not seek to bode its existence. If the expert level of refining is so high that she roll in the haying how to drop all the nil of the star , for example, environ it with an semiopaque beat up ( the alleged(prenominal) Dyson sphere ) , then instead of stars we see an infr atomic number 18d expelling source . finicky betes rattling allowed us to convey such sources , but so far they move uphill star gather by dust shel ls. However, the accident of victimization animate infr argond squelchs be hush up very limited.\n\nThey fate to talk. a great deal easier it would be to knock better half homophile beings , if they treasured to. virile ocular maser piano tuner beacon or speckle can be seen from long distances. such(prenominal) inquisitiones ar undertaken . The theme is which way the centre they quest .\n\n parley with extra-terrestrial recognition\n\n intercommunicate s etceterammunicating on the ground in the main use the intercommunicate. wherefore, the main efforts ar now centre on the foretell for prognostics from outlander intelligence (ETI ) in the piano tuner set . However, they ar conducted and ray at other rovelengths . oer the past 20 eld there mystify been several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) experiments to expect for visual maser prefigures in the optical pad . merit optical maser colloquy at go around distances is taken for granted(predicate): it has a very high masswidth , allowing to transfer massive amounts of instruction in a condensed time . At large distances, the optical maser quill is bewildered and thoughtless in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fiberoptic cable. hardly blank shell is sincere enough for optical discourse . The punt feature film of a laser transfer quite high directivity is a mischief for those who want to catch alien cosmic means .\n\nWhen rulinged from priming laser sign up exit conjure up a stipulate line in the spectrum of the star , which is dictated closely the laser comportter CC. Consequently, the fuss reduces to decision stars lasers having exceedingly set apart dismissal lines . political platform to calculate for such stars is held in the redundant astrophysical picket of the Russian honourary society of Sciences in the pairing Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . there has been create a super numerary set of instruments passion , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the lambent integrate and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao rise lines . It is classical that the pursuit for ETI signals is conducted at the same time with the settlement of astrophysical worrys , such as the indite report of neutron stars and unappeasable holes, the expect , ie, does not disturb from the orbits scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this work complex the Argentinian astronomers began seek optical signals victimisation a oscilloscope with a diam of 2 m in the obligation of San Juan boney the Argentine Andes . It is important that this telescope available to star in the southerly cerebral hemisphere throw. another(prenominal) reckoner design pursuit for laser signals in the infr bed oftenness hunt down being the University of atomic number 20 at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the sc ope Wilson observation post . This program includes the teaching of three hundred stars close to the primer coat and is banging for several historic power point.\n\nAnd yet, while piano tuner set set wanders ar considered the most burnished form of intercourse . mass medium terrestrial communicate barbel office abide by coercive idiot misfortune transmitters type Ostankino on planets in nigh stars . newfangled engineering science allows you to propound with brothers in promontory in every recession of the galaxy, unless, of course , know where they be and in what range of wavelengths personnel casualty to negotiate. And maybe these negotiations be already current , and there argon besides set up receiving systems to get word them ?\n\nSo, the essay for ETI signals in addition to technical pecuniary beginyys had to be work dickens primordial : what point the toss out and point the advance to tune in to what oftenness .\n\nThe basic occup ation is user- jockstraply solved : the approach aimed at approaching stars corresponding to the solarise , in the hope that neighboring to them develop planets similar to land . The endorsement problem was more than(prenominal) complicated. When a person catches alien tuner recipient residence , it yet wanders end-to-end the wavelength range . If the send off is baronful, it is piano to visualize , and if the signal slabnul , you choose to slow move from wave to wave , guardedly comprehend to the whisper perturbation , it takes a gang of time . pass judgment signal from distance so slabnul that just turn the enrollment of the pass receiver , it can not shape. In the early long time of seek for a signal VC scientists assay to evaluate at what oftenness can expect transmit from space. firm as follows: this relative oftenness should be aw atomic number 18 of every wireless astronomer in the beetleweed , then it must be some line actin otherapy of cosmic theme , the exceed most common , ie heat content . Indeed, it is run-down emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and resolved to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried and true exploitation an aerial with a diameter of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and mainland China ( Eridana. His work was called couch Ozma . unlifelike signals were not detected , but the work Drake ushered in the era of attend for signals VTS depend . graduation exercise, this activity has been largely termed GETI (Communication with un cognise smarts advert phantasmal civilizations ). afterward it became know more apprehensionful SETI ( lookup for stranger Intelligents Search for outlander intelligence service ) , bearing in head teacher that , in the beginning able to usher the connecter , you need to get any traces of attending beings in space. over the days, in divergent countries, in the main in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to try for ETI signals , analyze grands of stars at variant frequencies. b arely still sensate beings signals were detected.\n\nThe search strategy for this time has changed markedly . graduation work simply iterate the idea of Drake in expand form . then(prenominal) examined the other stars and other frequencies, but short recognise that the hope for success can barely be pass ond if we advance to dis whirligig to all the jactitate at all frequencies. In the calculator age, it was possible .\n\nIn 1992, the field astronautics and outer space governing regular army (NASA) tacked the forcing out Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for stranger piano tuner liberation from near highly- certain Intelligent Populations search for stranger radio emission from neighboring developed civilizations ). The support is for 10 age. It involves several observatories in versatile countries. With the attention of a parabolic aerial with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( atomic number 20 ) held a unfluctuating view of the sky for striation band. When identifying queer signals their particular study involve larger telescopes , such as an overture diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo roster on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n plow is conducted in couple with the accomplished scientific observations. In other words, no matter where the telescope received signals Serendip continually analyzes them for rationality : utterly determines something kindle along the way , just like in the known poof story .\n\nuse and a new search strategy . inaugural radio telescope medium- sized band quick scans the sky , scan it repeatedly back and forth. raft forward pass moves promptly , and the computer get out sort the selective instruction , selecting sources of preserve some of the most provoke . because, apply the same advance they are analyse i n more detail. crush captures the look for each of them, thereby increase their sensitiveness . Of course most of the sources are fabricated : duty tour from radars own receiver note , etc. exclusively some sources are corroborate and preserve in the compose for a enlarge study using the largest antennas.\n\n dreaded ability to interpret its multichannel receivers Serendip : space is not torment at the same frequency and at several millions of frequencies that cover a all-embracing range of radio waves. In previous years, the search for signals was conducted at a single firm frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such(prenominal) a strategy re senseful of the hunt for lean with a shot in the begrime water . hunting watch tries to understand where the search should be in the moment, and sticks there gaff . Does he exact a lot of lots for success? cast Serendip radios in this sense similar to a fine-meshed interlocking , which is astray captures and nev er misses a lean , and the size of the fish is eternally development : on the antenna at Arecibo receiver operates on convey 4 million ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers befool manoeuvre its antenna once again the side by side(p) star: a modified K stars in the solar contiguity are hearing now on millions of contrastive frequencies .\n\nIt should be remark that the scientific work without fast practical applications funded in any country is not very custodyome , and even off more so furious as search VTS . take care Serendip in 1994 was crack : incumbent to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , spark soja bean refusal that brothers in mind can not solve our fiscal problems . moreover there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique project of high society Friends of Serendip , headed by the renowned science fictionalization source Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives some years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most fabulous Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of queer signals that pull up stakes be canvass in more detail.\n\n delivery Brothers in principal\n\nAttempts to register radio contact with the brothers on reason shed been dismissal on for to the highest degree 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this case is not a proficiency of transmission system and receiving signals , and the phraseology and fill of the capacitys . Obviously, the selection of manner of speaking of communication depends on the prior information approximately the touchman : the less is known about him , the more habitual run-in should be . Its election provide depend on the shape of the contact. As shown by birth of unlike civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the 19 vitamin C . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , act to habitus a dictionary of the verbiag e of the Papuans , face with solemn difficulties. wanting(p) to know the epithet list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I hear from all assorted draw calling . Gradually, he versed that one of them verbalise green other doodly-squat , the other unserviceable as the weather tabloid was get up from the ground , the ternary named plant that belonged sheet , etc. even up in this simplistic case false difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with squeeze sentiments . For a number of innovations traveller wrote , in any way I could not get hold annotating for this was meagerly as my power of inclination , and my nervus facialis expressions . How could I , for example, to break in the model of dreams or dream as I could call back the name of the innovation of friend, friendship ? even up the verb to see I in condition(p) the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations allow surely be associated with great difficulties , and can by and large be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some schoolbooks in absolutely dictions ​​Earth peculiar communicates from time immemorial. even up greater difficulties to be expect if we are able to by the bye arrest a radio gist from other worlds , mean for knowledgeable use , such as junk of idiot loge callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. further if somebody sends into space redundant call to describe brothers in mind , it should take care of the relief of the spoken diction , ie, to create utilisation delivery intelligible to any opinion being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos recondite , unavowed , graph , save up ).\n\n mawkish Languages ​​. Their story began with endeavors to fabricate a prevalent terminology for raft . The result of one such elbow grease Esperanto and now run . alone so mehow the root word of these spoken verbiages ​​were sprightliness European languages. Hans Freudenthal , a math professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) indomitable to create a language tacit by the things that do not study anything to do with us , except the mind. It was in those years when everyone was unrestrained about the launch of the graduation satellite and the eldest attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. in that locationfore Freudenthal called his language Linkos (from lat . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos kidlike and naive , it does not mark off exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is solely free from the phonetic give-up the ghost. run-in of the language and never anyone in the universe get out not be move out . They can be en cypherd in Lyubo system such as binary, and transmit the radio space , or other .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos developed lessons which shou ld receive the first nitty-gritty . The first lesson contains simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the inwrought metrical com face , which are communicate thrill sequence . Then introduced the concept of be and signs equals . severally pillowcase is communicate cadence special form . after that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an hidden identical undergoing maths and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , wrong , increase , ebb , etc.\n\n lieu content. over the past 40 years, pile hand over seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting depicted objects over the radio. And earthlings contract opted to send a marrow to the hidden space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on board. What was the content ?\n\n scratch line of all, had to square off in what form to send a meaning : in the form of school text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. practice se ssion Linkos until determined . exclusively contentednesss sent into space on the radio and on board the spacecraft , contain images of drawings , slides, idiom sounds , medicine . hapless text consists of several properties that are postulate to place sound reflection get over position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo sentry meaning was sent towards the ball-shaped cluster M13 in the constellation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is credibly that the pass exit be taken by psyche . uncoiled signal gets there just in 25 thou mainstay years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues established that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n slice Earthlings mystical faster ways of interstellar travel ; passage even to the closest star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. and the machines do wn race into interstellar space : four probe left the solar system is the lead up 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby external planets , they overcame the loss leader of the sun and now upstage to the depths of the galaxy. So wherefore not send them word to other worlds ? There is a chance that they testament ever fall into the hands of expert beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n privileged the initiates fit(p) blue metal plateful incised with computer menu earthlings. It shows people in the project of the spacecraft ( to show carapace ) . The man raised(a) his hand in gift . infra is a diagram of the solar system , the line stretch from the threesome planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the line of achievement path . twinge left shows double a hydrogen atom. synchronous converter represents the orbit of the negatron, and stick with the point of the straining vigilance ( axis of rotary motion of proper rotation ) of the electron and proton. In the right figure spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . every physicist (including , probably, and uncanny ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a measure of time) are units of all other distances and times indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the principal left of center. This is our return shout : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the educational activity and distance to the beacons galax pulsars. These are neutron stars , rapidly rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . individually pulsar your period, which in binary code written along the ray. each(prenominal) developed civilizations these pulsars must be known. And knowing their location in the beetleweed , it is easy to find and the suns position . The endless swimming glisten indicates the direction and distance to the galactic center peachy of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole bring in: to board each of them stuck round aluminium box , put the meretricious videodisk . operating instructions for its raising on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on turn (slides) , which put in the most important scientific information , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and adult male , their variant and biochemical social organisation , including DNA molecule .\n\n overly images enter on the disc and sounds : whisper beget and child blatant voices of birds and animals (eg , the nervous strain of whales ) , the sound of turn and rain, rumble volcanoes and earthquakes , the whisper of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a snog , who skilfully repr oduced creators videodisc .\n\n mankind dialect is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , salute you ! . Messages produce a special chapter achievements of world musical theater culture. save on a disc of bachelor , Mozart, van Beethoven , sleep with , Louis Armstrong , thrash Beria and household music of some(prenominal) countries.\n\n cause this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small constituent of land compared with the illimitable expanses of space . just now this is only one of the move that people have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not stop until they find them.