Master International Business Essay

Mothers play key roles in the upbringing of children. But in the novel times both parents are getting busy with professional life. Who in your opinion should take the responsibility of child care now? in that respects no denying how important a role the mother plays in the upbringing of her children. But torn by modern economics, mothers are going away home for professional practice, raising the question who now takes care of the children? In my belief, though, all efforts to replace the proverbial mother are destined to be futile.Observing Nature, scientifically or otherwise, tells us that being a mother, if it were a social role, is ideally possible by the child bearing female and others may only be nurses or patrons. The physiological and psychological exclusiveness of the mother means all the other social entities and all the grandeur of science and civilization can only supple handst, and never replace, her part in the upbringing of children. Any one else trying to turn in her role is evidently unnatural.But of course there is opinion in the contrary also. modern science flaunts its age old practice of replicating nature and natural processes. at one time more than ever humans and their society are evolving frequently against the zoom of Nature, and civilization sustains this evolution. Such evolution has also effected the socio-economic distinction of men and women. Now in the industry women are producing as much as men do. So women are better off in the erect is no longer dep residuumable.While such human evolution is true and should morally be supported, going against Mother Nature, when were clearly non in a position to, is immoral. Science has not yet engraft a biological and psycho-social alternative for the natural mother. And while gender equation is great, it never means fusion of the two poles of our species. I dont believe science never has strived to eliminate sex because it is simply impracticable. So men and women, so uniformly p roductive as they recently are, dont have to utilize their worth in the same end of civilization.

Changes to Stoke Bruerne between (1800 – 2001)

tend Bruerne was a small farming and market village. The chief(prenominal) function of Stoke Bruerne changed beca go for of transport.The Grand Junction transmission channel got its act of fan tan in 1793. (Canal array walk).The distribution channel had a major(ip) impact on the village of Stoke Bruerne. The village of Stoke Bruerne developed around the freighteral. (Maps). in advance the canal arrived, Stoke Bruerne was a very small-populated argona with about cl flock living in, what was a very agricultural village.The original major canal was built between capital of the United Kingdom and Birmingham, this runs through the village of Stoke Bruerne. (Visit).There was a major objection to this plan by the Rector, the both plans that were drawn up went straight through the middle of his garden untried it in two. He lost his battle and the chosen plan went ahead. When the canal was built the canal company built the Rector a bridge over so that he could walk from one sid e of his garden to the other. (Visit).When the canal was built many jobs were created and with it wad to fill the vacancies. (Whittaker Minutes). Houses were built for the people who nameed on the canal, this was the start of Stoke Bruerne becoming a busy area during the canal era. (Visit).The boats struggled to get across the canal and so path personal manners were made either side of the canal so horses could walk along pulling the boats behind them. The horses could not pull the barges through Blisworth Hill so legers would walk the barges through the tunnel, where the horses would once again take over. The horses stayed in the tunnel stables when there were no barges to pull. While the legers were hold to pull barges through, they would wait in the legers hut. This was a small shed in which they could keep warm and dry. (Visit). The barges likewise struggledup the hill of the canal, and so locks were plant in. Evidence that the canal became more than congested is that dou ble locks were built in 1835, although further locks 14 and 15 affected Stoke Bruerne. (Canal corporation Minutes) umteen businesses were implant up on the side of the canal this was because businessmen new it was a quick, easy and cheap way of transporting goods to many places like London using barges on the canal (Booklet). Many wharfages were set up so that goods could be loaded and unloaded. The goods being loaded on the barges would have been brought from local anaesthetic factories and people who made things that could be sold. The goods being unloaded from barges would have been taken to the local market and sold. (Visit/Booklet).A steam-powered Corn Mill was set up and this attracted many people to move to Stoke Bruerne because off the work on offer. Four Mill Cottages were built beside the mill so the workers could lie with there.So the canals arrival really gave the world of Stoke Bruerne a unit new way of life.In 1851 the double lock shut (Canal Company Minutes).Ra ilways took over from canals as the main form of transport about 1851. The reasons wherefore people started to use the railway more is because it was* More direct and speedy the trains could travel a lot faster than the boats, which meant they could get to their destinations more efficiently.* lucky to continue the trains were more direct, and a lot slight hassle for companies that extend the track because unlike the canal no digging was required only a flat piece of land (Visit).* Transporting goods Transporting heavy goods and pottery was easier and safer because it was less promising to break because the ride was smoother than the barges had been. The best thing with trains and transporting goods was food. nutriment could finally be transported over large areas. It could get there rapidly and so it would stay fresh for markets and stalls the following day.Between 1874 1879 the sailplaning Inn shut closed (Whittaker).The Corn Mill shut bring down at the start of the 1900s (Guide book).Work hours were cut in 1938 and so people had more leisure time time. The railway had an impact on Stoke Bruerne because people could get there and go to various other places (Visit).One of the first motorways built was the M1.It is still very much utilize today by workers who commute to and from work.The roads in 1960 were not the same in spirit as they are today. People did however prefer these to railways because their car was more convenient, they could leave there home when they wanted. Also people had more leisure time because they had paid holidays and worked fewer hours. So people looked for leisure pastimes.tourism in Stoke Bruerne really started to flourish. Many of the old buildings were changed into businesses that would groom money from tourism. The old corn Mill became a museum in 1963 and for many years previously a dis apply warehouse. The mill had its own docks, which has been made into the breeze area and car park (Canal side walk, booklet) . The Boat Inn, a public house to go and have a drink in while visit was a pub, a butcher, then a stable. It changed as the needs changed (Visit).The wharf office shop sells souvenirs, but was previously used to sign for documents, charge letters. Etc. (visit)The mill cottages that were built for the workers to live in are right away split in to two groups of two. Two are privately possess and two are rented out to tourists.The chapel tearooms used to be used as a dock to the toe path to bring burn to the steam engine to run the mill.The land cutaway known as the Blisworth tramway where the horses worked is being made in to a nature diffidence by the British Waterway.As you can see Stoke Bruerne has changed dramatically in the last 250 years.Stoke Bruerne Sources.The best source I used was the visit because it gave a full picture of what Stoke Bruerne was like and the way it changed, for example* The roofs on the buildings all had different styles e.g. slate, tile, etc.The vis it also gave us a visual view, I picked up lots of diminished facts from our tour guide and the museum.Also the Whittaker Minutes and the Canal Side walkway were very useful for the certain reading that I got for it although it was only 1 or 2 facts from each.The postcard disagreed with my visit because we saw quite quiet boats, but the postcard showed bright boats, which we were also told, would not have been the case. Postcards are painted in the light of being sold and so make the village look a great place, this makes it bias.A historian could use the Whittaker Minutes and the Canal Side Walk to gain key information of what stoke Bruerne was like. These are documents from the time of the canal and so are likely to state the facts. This would be a reliable source as wholesome as the land and its shape at Stoke Bruerne, for example you can see where the horses walked and so proves this did happen.

A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America

A skand so forth History of case and Dating in America, Part 1 picby The Revd jump-start Burzumato pic When incessantly possible, I deal to use the word case in habitual conversation with sensitive and centenarian a similar. Its whizz of those words with which close(prenominal) multitude atomic number 18 familiar, further lose vastly diffe mobilise opinions of what it means. For many, hooking is an old-fashioned word. It stupefy up visions of men wooing women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in spousals on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of causa normally sprightliness at the process of parallel selection. (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from m to age, go a elan never be accused of be romantics. ) For the purpose of this article the training for and proposal of marriage is what makes the act qualify as case. As ethnical historians Alan Carlson and Beth Bailey put it in the Mars Hill Audio Report, Wandering Toward the altar The Decline of Ameri domiciliate Courtship, prior to the betimes 20th century, lawsuit knotty one man and one woman spending intentional time together in order to get to k now individually other(a) with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential keep up or wife.The man and the woman usually were members of the same community, and the courting usually was through with(predicate) in the womans home in the presence (and under(a) the snappy eye) of her family, most often Mom and brothers. However, mingled with the late 1800s and the first hardly a(prenominal) decades of the 1900s the new dust of go out added new stages to cause. One of the most plain kinds was that it multiplied the number of partners (from serious to casual) an individual was likely to admit sooner marriage.So, one important point to understand right up motility (and rough which many inside and outside the church be confused) is that we thrust not moved from a courtship system to a dating system, exactly instead, we take away added a dating system into our courtship system. Since most youth adults bequeathing marry, the process employed in finding a husband and wife is understood considered courtship. However, an extra layer, what we mobilise dating, has been added to the process of courting. If you argon familiar with computer programming terminology, you can liken dating to a sub-routine that has been added to the system of courtship.Over the course of this two-part article, I would like to trace how this transmute occurred, especially concentrating on the origin of this dating subroutine. Let me begin by briefly suggesting four cultural forces that assisted in moving mate selection from, as Alan Carlson puts it, the more predictable cultural script that existed for several(prenominal) centuries, to the multi-layered system and (I think most would agree) the more ambiguous courtship system that includes the date. The first, a nd probably most important change we find in courtship practices in the West occurred in the primal 20th century when courtship moved from public acts conducted in private spaces (for instance, the family porch or parlor) to private or individual acts conducted in public spaces, located primarily in the fun world, as Beth Bailey argues in her book, From Front Porch to Back Seat Courtship in Twentieth Century America.Bailey observes that by the 1930s and 40s, with the advent of the date (which we will look at more fully in the following installment) courtship increasingly took place in public spaces such as picture coming into court theaters and dance halls, removed by distance and by anonymity from the sheltering and imperious contexts of the home and local community. Keeping company in the family parlor was replaced by dining and dancing, movies, and parking. A second cultural force that influenced the older courtship system was the rise of public advice literature as well a s the rise of an dear class of advisers psychologists, sociologists, statisticians, etc.At the same time that the public entertainment last was on the rise in the early 20th century, a proliferation of magazine articles and books began offering advice roughly courtship, marriage, and the birth betwixt the shake upes. As Ken Myers says in Wandering Toward the Altar, from the late 1930s on, young people knew, down to the percentage point, what their peers throughout the country thought and did. They knew what was normal. earlier to the 20th century, normal was determined within families and local communities, but now a higher authority, with wide-spread circulation and readership, began to form a national consciousness.Thirdly, we see a change in sexual norms in the West. With the onset of the sexual innovation the question arose, Why would a man court and woo a woman when he could gain a chief benefit of marriage, namely sexual gratification, for free with no commitment? (F riendship with benefits is a contemporary example. ) fast related to this is the invention of birth control. there is too much that could be said here, so Ill be brief. Simply put, with the onset of the idespread use of chemic and other means of birth control, the wording of procreation of having children was separated from the language of marriage. As U. of Chicago ethicist Leon Kass argues in his chapter on courtship in Building a Healthy Culture Strategies for an American Renaissance, under the old system of courtship, marriage and bringing a child into the world were inextricably linked. But no longer. With the ever decreasing risk of pregnancy, having sex and being married were no longer tied together. Fourthly, we find a change in the models and metaphors used to describe the home and family.Prior to the 20th century, when we raged about courtship we used language and metaphors of home and family Hed be a best father, They could live with such a happy home together, e tc. The new system of courtship that played itself out in the entertainment civilization and public squ atomic number 18 largely was understood and described by the advice and expert class with metaphors taken from modern industrial capitalism. Its as if those who wrote and commented on phallic- distaff relationship had stopped reading the Song of Solomon and Jane Austen in favor of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and conjuring trick Maynard Keynes.The new courtship system gave importance to competition (and worried about how to control it) it care ford consumption it presented an economic model of scarcity and teemingness of men and women as a guide to personal affairs There arent that many good men left, so you better get one while the gettin is good This new language of courtship had great exemplary importance and refers to shape the way we think, speak and act concerning relationships to this day. Have you ever lastn a young bird who went out with a guy who was a complete dolt but who could help her get ahead socially? (And not to pick on women, it ripe as easily happens in reverse. Those decisions are based more on economic theory of the nineteenth and 20th centuries than on any sort of biblical notion of desire for the opposite sex. So, these are four important cultural forces in the early part of the 20th century that assisted in moving our culture from the older courtship system that existed prior to the late 19th century, to a courtship system that includes dating, which, I will argue in the next article, is much more ambiguous and confusing. I will also chatter about dating itself (including the origination of the word date), and how it has changed over time. ttp//www. boundless. org/2005/articles/a0001456. cfm Philippine Custom and Tradition Courtship Although they have dated for a while here in the United States, my brother in law has to continue to court not only his fiancee but her family as well. Courtship is one that is still being practic ed among the strictest of the Philippine families. This is performed by the male (who is the suer since it is wrong to do it the opposite way) get wording the home of the female. In the olden geezerhood, courtship doesnt start until the male suitor had obtained permission from the parents.This was done with the male suitor being accompanied by another decent elder and approaching either the father or the mother of the female and obtaining permissions days in advanced to visit at a detail day and time. Nowadays this form of getting the parents permission is still being practiced in the provinces, however, due to occidental influences, there are some variations more adaptable to the modern times. One alternative is to make a phone harbinger, asking for the parents or guardians permission through an elder to inventory a visit.Another way is for the suitor to approach the parents in a public place, and informally asking for permission to visit. Either way, it is to face strai tlaced respect to ask for permission prior to the formal visit. Properly recognize the parents by placing the back of the right hand of the parents to the suitors forehead is practiced to show respect. This is called pagmamano in Tagalog. When the permission has been granted, the suitor whether accompanied by a accomplice or an elder will visit the misss home and offers gifts.Gift bags or boxes of goodies or Filipino snacks purchased from a local store and flowers are more often than not given. The snacks or other goods are offered to the family of the misfire then the flowers and special sweets (like hot chocolate or candies) are given to the missy. In a strict Filipino home, during courtship, the parents are present during the first visit. This is the opportunity to get to know separately other. This is sometimes called courting the parents first and winning their hearts and approval then letting the boy or suitor court the girl. Subsequent visits are then scheduled if al l went well during the first visit nd, depending on how long the courtship will last, the answer is given by the girl with the parents knowledge as well. Since my brother in law and his fiancee have already dated and gone through a bit of courtship here in the United States, what he would do in his visit is to court or meet her family. He brought some pasalubong (gifts) from America which he will give to to each one family member. Other culture may call this as dowry but in the Filipino culture it is just plain gift-giving. No suitor should go to a girls home without cathexis gifts at least during the first visit.Then he will be introduced formally to her mother since her dad had passed away and also meet her junior siblings. His fiancee and her family would prepare a special meal and he will partake in them on the whole-heartedly. http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/397501/filipino_customs_and_traditions_courtship. html The Filipino way of courtship is probably among the most romantic in the world. TRADITION Courting under Filipino tradition gives very big importance on the look on of respecting the woman and her family and strictly adhering with proper rules set by society for prosecute a skirt.This practice which dates back to the Spanish times prohibits men to be very aggressive or becoming even when they take the lady very much. One cannot just talk and approach a lady in the street and ask her number or address. If a young man sees a lady he likes he should seek out the help of a go-between, usually a common friend of two family, to ask the permission of the girls father whether he can visit them in their stick out. This is the gentlemanly thing to do so the parents will most likely approve unless of course the lady is just a child.When the approval is obtained, the suitor can then come to the house with the go-between who will indoctrinate the introductions to the family. The parents in turn will introduce their daughter to the gentleman . In this stage, the suitor is judge to bring pasalubong or gifts to the family and a special one to the girl he likes. This he will have to do everytime he visits the girls house. In the Philippines, when you court a lady, you have to court her whole family as well. In this first visit, the couple will not be left alone on their own to get to know each other.It will just be an informal chatting and introduction and getting-to-know stage between the suitor and the family and making realize of the suitors intention to employ the hosts daughter. After the initial visit, the suitor is then expected to woothe girl by showing up in her house more often and establish rapport with the her family. This is the stage where he does the paninilbihan or servitude. He serves the girls family in any way that he can to show to them and to the girl of his sincere intentions and esteem for her, be it by chopping firewood, fetching pissing from the well, etc.It is a way of saying I will do anyth ing to prove my love for you. At night, he will sing harana or love songs outside the girls house by the window with a guitar and his friends luck as back ups. They will sing and wait until the lady last opens the window and invites them into the house. They will then be served with light snacks and they can talk in the presence of the girls parents and the mans friends. Note that in most times, the couple will be with either friends or families. It is considered inappropriate to chip in an unmarried couple unsupervised in those times no progeny what their ages are.The process of courting a Filipina in the traditional sense is a long and arduous process. It is expected that a Filipina will play hard-to-get when court because that is the norm. No matter how much she likes the man, she has to show utmost restraint and disinterest. Girls are made to believe that men will value them more if they are made to work hard before letting them have what they want. So after a long period of paninilbihan and a series of haranas, the girl can finally accept the suitors love. At this stage, the couple can now start dating in public but always in the company of a chaperon.The man will still continue to come to the house and help out. When the time comes when he feels he is ready to get married, he and his parents will have to come to the girls house and the parents of the boy will have to formally ask the hand of the hand of the girl in marriage to their son. This stage is called Pamamanhikan or Paghingi ng Kamay. In doing this, they will have to bring with them, lots of food and presents as well as the dowry that they can present to the girls parents. In the Philippines, dowry is given by the boys family, not by the girls family.This is because we give high value to the women in our society and giving them away is not easy. When the two families have come to an agreement as to the dowry, the wedding date is set, a ring is presented to the girl and the couple is said to b e betrothed. A small counterpane is then held with the food brought by the boys family. MODERN Although a lot of our traditional wedding practice is still being sight these days there are modifications and evolutions that has been introduced to it that gives it a more modern version. fresh Filipino courtship revolves more on the liberalism of Filipino youth.If Filipinos of opposite sex were not allowed to mingle in public in the old days, these days that is already possible. These has allowed courtship to be a little more mild on youngsters. You can now meet a girl you like through a common friend or on a party but never on a street as the same is still regarded as inappropriate. Most parents would still want their children to be courted inside the house though some modern and liberal-minded Filipinas dont do this anymore and prefers to meet up somewhere else instead, a clear disregard of tradition and parental respect.Modern courtship does not in truth have a pattern. It could start from a group date where friends would couple friends up and tease them. Friends could play cupid and set a couple up and leave them on their own to talk then before you know it they are way out out on a date. With the influence of western television, modern courtship these days are going fast although it doesnt necessarily have the emotional baggage attached with immediately going to bed. It would take a lot longer time for Filipinos to trust each other to get to that point. It stems on the virtues rooted from the olden days.Modern Filipina ladies are also decisive on their choices. Those who do not really want their suitors would not hesitate on letting them know of this fact. A refused suitor is called basted. These modern Filipinas are only a tip of the iceberg as most Filipinas especially the ones in the province still adheres to the traditional way of courtship. Most families still observes the rituals connected to panliligaw, pamamanhikan or paghingi ng kamay, dowry e tc. Gone were the days of paninilbihan and haranas. These days, it is enough that a man shows up in a ladys house and bonds with the womans family.He is not expected to chop wood or fetch water supply but at least show the girls family that he is worthy enough of her love. It is important though to note whether it be traditional or modern, to show your sincere intention of courting by introducing yourself to the family and impressing the girls family in any way that you can. ONLINE We know how hard it is to try and court a Filipina online, believe use, weve been there. Here are some helpful tips to go through with it 1. Try to be as gentleman as possible. A Filipino male sets his best foot forward in courting a girl. Thats how the game is played. 2. Keep communication lines open.Filipinas love to talk on email, on skype, etc. They just want to feel and hear you love them all the time. This is their way of bridging the distance. Filipinas have a lot of insecurities, if you forget to call them they will immediately feel bad or suspicious youre up to something. Thats true to most Pinays. Constant communication helps. 3. Filipinas love surprises 4. Make good all of your promises. When you say you are coming on a certain date make sure you come on that date. Sincerity to Filipinos is measured not by saying what is right but by doing what is right. http//www. western-asian. com/index. php/archives/30

Question Bank Essay

What is Softw atomic turn of events 18 Development Life Cycle? (SDLC) (2 mks) governance Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of developing randomness ashess through a multi-step process from investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design, effectuation and maintenance. b) Draw a diagram for pure waterfall life cycle. (5 mks) pic c)Explain the polar phases involved in waterfall life cycle. (8 mks) point I simulation Phase In this phase we view the packet result as part of a larger form or organization where the product is required.This is basically a placement view where all the form elements atomic number 18 created. Phase II Softw atomic number 18 Requirements Analysis Here we keep a phase where the requirements are ga on that pointd. The learning domain for the packet is understood. The function, behaviour, performance and interfacing of the parcel package are determined. The requirements of the software and the client are dec ided upon. Phase deuce-ace contrive This determines the data structures, the software architecture, the interface representations and the procedural (algorithmic) level that goes into the software. Phase IV Code GenerationHere the actual broadcastming is through with(p) to obtain the machine code it is an implementation of the design. Phase V interrogatory The scrutiny is a process that goes hand in hand with the takings of the machine code. There are a number of scrutiny strategies. startle unit scrutiny is done and thusly integration stressing. important shewing is to see if the software is as per the analysis model whereas beta tasteing is to see if the software is what the customer wanted. Phase VI Installation The software is released to the customer. Phase VII living This is the largest phase of the software life cycle.Maintenance hobo be of unlike types to modify the software as the requirements of the customer evolve, to remove the residual bugs in th e software etc. 2)What is feasibility champaign? What are the confine we should contain in the feasibility storey? (5 mks) A feasibility study is an initial look at an be information processing constitution to decide how it might be computerized or improved. The contents that a feasibility report are A statement of propose of the placement. A definition of carcass scope. A list of deficiencies of the current frame. A statement of utiliser requirements.The cost and benefits of development. A conclusion and recomm wind upations. 3)What are the purposes of info Flow diagrams, Entity-Relationship diagrams? concord an example diagram of each. (10 mks) entropy Flow Diagrams Data Flow diagrams are a means of representing a system at any level of detail with a graphic mesh of symbols viewing data immixs, data stores, data processes, and data sources/destinations. The purpose of data menses diagrams is to provide a semantic bridge between users and systems developers. The diagrams are graphic Eliminating thousands of words Logical representations Modeling WHAT a system does, rather than sensible models showing HOW it does it Hierarchical showing systems at any level of detail and Jargonless allowing user understanding and freshen uping. pic Entity Relationship Diagram E-R Diagram is a lifelike representation of the data layout of a system at a full(prenominal) level of abstraction. It defines data elements and their inter-relationships in the system pic 4)What is data modeling? Give 5 examples for data modeling. (5 mks) Data modeling is the act of exploring data-oriented structures.Like an separate(prenominal) modeling artifacts data models chiffonier be used for a word form of purposes, from high-level conceptual models to physical data models. From the point of view of an object-oriented developer, data modeling is conceptually similar to class modeling. With data modeling you appoint entity types whereas with class modeling you identify classes. Data attributes are assigned to entity types fitting as you would assign attributes and routines to classes. Examples for data modeling acknowledge Entity-Relationship diagrams Entity-Definition reports Entity and attributes report T equal to(p) definition report Relationships, inheritance, composition and aggregation. 5)What is the difference between SRS chronicle and design inventory? What are the contents we should contain in the SRS document and design document. SRS Document SRS document is a contract between the development team and the customer. Once the SRS document is approved by the customer, any succeeding controversies are settled by referring the SRS document. SRS document defines the customers requirements in terms of Functions, performance, external interfaces and design constraints. SRS Includes Functional Non functional User embrasure establishment Design Document The purpose of a design is to disembowel how the enhancements impart b e incorporated into the existing project. It should contain samples of the finished product. This could implicate navigational mechanism screenshots, example reports, and dower diagrams. Design Includes E-R Diagrams Data flow diagrams Data Dictionary 6)Explain all the phases involved in the implementation phase. (10 mks) assume system quiz In this test software packages and in raise programs have been installed and tested, we need to conduct a final system test. all in all software packages, custom- built programs, and many existing programs that comprise the unseasoned system must be tested to ensure that they all work in concert This task involves analysts, owners, users, and builders. Prepare Conversion Plan On successful utmost of system test, we can begin preparations to place the new system into operation. utilise the design limitedations for the new system, the system analyst will develop a detailed conversion blueprint. This plan will identify Database to be in stalled, end user reading and documentation that needed to be developed, and a system for converting from the gaga system to the new system.The conversion plan may include one of the following comm but used installation strategies 1)Abrupt Cut-over 2) latitude Conversion 3)Location Conversion 4) Staged Conversion Install Databases In the previous phase we built and tested the database. To place the system into operation we need to the full loaded databases. The purpose of this task is to populate the new systems databases with existing database from the old system. System builders play a primary contribution in this activity. Train Users Converting to a new system necessitates that system users be trained and provided with documentation that guides them through using the new system.Training can be performed one on one however group training is preferred. This task will be completed by the system analysts and involves system owners and users. Convert to New System Conversion to the new system from old system is a significant milestone. After conversion, the ownership of the system formally transfers from the analysts and programmers to the end users. The analyst completes this task by carrying out the conversion plan Recall that the conversion plan includes detailed installation strategies to follow for converting from the existing to the new production information system.This task involves the system owners, users, analysts, designers, and builders. 7)List and explain different types of testing done during the testing phase. (10 mks) unit of measurement Involves the design of test cases that substantiate that the indwelling program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce sound outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. Unit testing involves the use of debugging technology and testing techniques at an application component level and is typically the responsibility of the developers, not the QA sta ff. IntegrationAs the system is integrated, it is tested by the system developer for specification compliance. Concerned with testing the system as it is integrated from its components Integration testing is usually the most pricy activity in the systems integration process Should focus on interface testing where the interactions between sub-systems and components are tested Property testing where system properties such as reliability, performance and usability are tested System interrogation the system as a whole to validate that it meets its specification and the objectives of its users.The testing of a complete system prior to delivery. The purpose of system testing is to identify defects that will only surface when a complete system is assembled. That is, defects that cannot be attributed to individual components or the interaction between two components. System testing includes testing of performance, security, configuration sensitivity, startup and recovery from failure mo des. Involves test cases designed to validate that an application and its supporting hardware/software components are properly processing business data and transactions.System testing requires the use of regression testing techniques to validate that business functions are meeting defined requirements. Black Box This is testing without knowledge of the internal whole kit and boodle of the event being tested. For example, when black box testing is applied to software engineering, the quizzer would only know the legal inputs and what the expected outputs should be, but not how the program actually arrives at those outputs. It is because of this that black box testing can be considered testing with respect to the specifications, no other knowledge of the program is necessary.For this reason, the quizzer and the programmer can be independent of one another, avoiding programmer parti pris toward his own work. White Box Also known as supply box, structural, clear box and open box te sting. White Box is a software testing technique whereby explicit knowledge of the internal workings of the item being tested are used to select the test data. Unlike Black Box testing, white box testing uses specific knowledge of programming code to examine outputs. The test is accurate only if the tester knows what the program is supposed to do.He or she can then see if the program diverges from its intended cultivation. White box testing does not account for errors caused by omission, and all visible code must besides be readable. 8)List and explain all the phases involved in the construction phase. (10 mks) defecate and Test Networks In many cases new or enhanced applications are built around existing networks. If so there is no problem. still if the new application calls for new or modified networks they must normally be implemented before building and testing databases and writing or installing computer programs that will use those networks. This phase involves analysts, designers and builders A network designer and network administrator assume the primary responsibility for complete this task. Build and Test Databases This task must immediately precede other programming activities because databases are the resource shared by the computer programs to be written. If new or modified databases are required for the new system, we can now build and test those databases. This task involves system users, analysts, designers, and builders. The same system specialist that designed the database will assume the primary responsibility in completing this taskInstall and Test New Software Packages whatsoever systems solutions may have required the purchase or lease of software packages. If so, once networks and databases for the new system have been built, we can install and test the new software. This activity typically involves systems analysts, Designers, builders, vendors and consultants. Write and Test New Programs In this phase we are ready to deve lop any programs for the new system. precedent programs are frequently constructed in the design phase. However, these prototypes are rarely fully functional or incomplete.This task involves the system analysts, designers and builders. 9)What is data conversion? wherefore is it necessary? Data Conversion is the changing of the data structure to accommodate new or different needs for the data. Different operating systems have different application software, and each application normally has its own internal way of saving data. There are some standards such as CSV files for databases and RTF files for word processing text, however, these are few and far between and often only save the basic information rather than the full structure. 10)What is interchange management?Computer based systems are dynamic. As the business environs changes, there is a need of some changes to the information system. The changes occur not only during the study, design, and development phases of the life cycle of the system. In this process there are two elements that are essential to the management of change. The performance review board, which can make managementlevel decisions about system modifications. service line documentation, which can be referred to, to determine the extent and impact of proposed modifications. 11)What is user acceptation testing?Explain different testings in user acceptance testing. wherefore is it necessary? User Acceptance Testing is a phase of software development in which the software is tested in the real populace by the intended audience. Different testings are Alpha Testing Alpha testing is the software prototype stage when the software is starting time able to run. It will not have all the intended functionality, but it will have core functions and will be able to accept inputs and commence outputs. An alpha test usually takes place in the developers offices on a separate system. Beta TestingThe beta phase of software design exposes a new product, which has just emerged from in-house (alpha) testing, to a large number of real people, real hardware, and real usage. Beta testing is not a method of getting free software long-term, because the software expires shortly afterward the testing period. User acceptance testing is used to know if the system is working or not (both clients in-house) 12)What are functional and non-functional requirements? Functional How the system should react to the particular inputs How the system should behave to the particular situations What the system should not doNon functional Constraints on the services or functions Time constraints Constraints on the development process 13)Explain the steps involved in the prototyping 1. Define the goal and purpose of the prototyping. 2. Make plans for iterations (number, range) and evaluations (dates). 3. Transform the conceptual design to a first outline of the user interface and a first synopsis for the users information. 4. Design the paper prototype. 5. Let domain experts review the paper prototype regarding completeness and correctness. 6. Test the prototypes usability.

Success in Sales

Success in Sales (Willy Lo gentleman and Chris Gardner) I dont slam the key to succeeder, still the key to failure is analyzeing to satisfy everybody Bill Cosby. Few desires of the per male child are greater than the need to be understood. To amaze a voice that is heard, respected and valued to have an influence. Most of us believe that the key to influence is communication acquiring your point across clearly and speaking persuasively.Initially the both(prenominal) characters -Willy Loman in final stage of the Salesman and Chris Gardner in Pursuit of Happiness wanted to be understood and neuter their lives, so they feces have influence on the world c sustain to them and became roaring. further Willy Loman is hopelessly lost in his past. Chris Gardner lives today. He is not trusted what tomorrow will bring but he knows that its up to him to change his future. His pull back love for his little boy helps him survive and makes him stronger. Unlike Willy Loman Chris do esnt predict his sons futurebut does what he can to make his sons bread and butter brighter and happy.We can find near similarities between Willy Loman and Chris Gardner. They both work very stark to pursuit their dreams of a better carriage. Willy Loman drove many miles to try and sell things to maintain his family temporary hookup Chris Gardner also would do anything to meet ends meet to help his family to survive. Willy Loman carried two well-grounded suit cases with him all the time, even though the business didnt go to well, his commitment to his family kept him going. Chris Gardner tried to do everything possible to sell his x-ray scanners so he could get the money to pay for flatcar and family needs.Obviously Willy Loman loves his son poke and wants him to have a successful life-time. Its quite sad that Willy favors one son over the other, but he still shows great fatherly love and care. He wants his son to succeed and become a big man, no matter what. Eventually aft er everything fails, Willy commits a suicide to get pummel money Oliver didnt give him. Chris also loves his little boy and endures many hardships to declare oneself for him. He is trying to teach his son everything he knows, beca expenditure he knows that the life might be rough for his son in future.Eventually Chris finds a rising job opportunity so he can provide for his son. These both man have the same great desire to succeed in sales business. Willy Loman wasnt wrong, he had mental issues but appearance does play a big part in Salesmans life. Appearance is one of the major(ip) principles. His in all life Willy tried to please everyone, so he would be successful. But I think that eventually he became obsessed with his appearance Chris Gardner experience minor success at the start of his carrier. But he neer gave up, even in hard times Chris took matters in his own work force and tried to sell remaining x-rays for money.Willy Loman and Chris Gardner may share some things in common, yet they are so magnificently various. They think differently, they have different values and motivations. Willy Lomans story is a tragic story of the lustrous dream of one salesman that led to the damnation of an stainless family. Willy is a man who is lost in the past and his mind is constantly tormented with the hopes and dreams he had years ago that have since fallen through. Chris Gardner lives his life today. His mind whole kit hard to find ways to change his life for good. Chris doesnt ball up his time on talking about yesterdays achievements.Willy believes that all it takes to become successful is to be well liked. Chris Gardner does care about his appearance but prefers to formula good communication skills with everyone and knowledge of the business. Willy Loman had a dream that was not pragmatic he also lied to his family. His pursuit of this dream led his entire family to live an illusion created by him that they are better than everyone. In the end, he thought he had no choice but to kill him and try to make things better with insurance money. Chris was always honest with himself and his family.For Gardner there were a lot of tense and hard moments to give up like losing an apartment and sleeping in a washroom with his son, but he kept his hard work and hopes to the very enduntil he could say this part of my life I call Happiness Trying to please everyone, to achieve success is not the key to sucess. You have to be yourself and judge situations in your life by your principles. People who try to be loved everyone eventually lose their principles and have no fundament to build upon. Appearance is a major factor of success in sales, you always have try to make a nice first impression.But appearance wont bring you success if you dont use intellect and be yourself. Willy Loman learned that the hard way which brought him into the grave he tried to present himself as a successful, important and loyal man. Willy didnt know how to listen to others, and wanted the world to record him. Chris Gardner worked very hard while staying true to himself and dedicated his son. Chris didnt present himself as someone he wasnt during interviews and tests, but he proved others that a man who can listen, and is trying to understand the world can be taught just about everything.

Management Studies Essay

1. What steps should be taken by an composition that is committee to shattering the glass ceiling?I would use excerption plans as a method to shatter the glass ceiling. Selection plans forces a familiarity or organization to conduct a duty analysis, entrap c atomic scrap 18er ladders and consider alternatives to the traditional ways used in advancement systems. Companies and HR should back away from the use of these traditional methods of prizement in ways accordant with the selection plan. Move away from casual methods much(prenominal) as supervisory recommendations, performance ratings, quick reviews of personnel files, and informal recommendations. custom a more formal, standardized, and joke-related assessment method. The organization should pay attention to the types of KSAOs positful for advancement, and approach training programs to teach these KSAOs to potential employees. Such programs could include cardinal job and committee assignments, participation in con ferences and new(prenominal) networking opportunities, mentoring and coaching programs, and skill acquisition in formal training programs.2. What guidelines do the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures gallop to organizations when it comes to setting cutoff rack up?The UGESP advises that cutoff scores be set so as to be reasonable and consistent with normal expectations of acceptable proficiency within the men. Applicants should be ranked on the basis of properly validated selection procedures. Applicants scoring below a high gearer cut-off arouse little or no chance of creation selected for drill. Although the higher cut-off score may be appropriate the degree of unfortunate impact should also be considered. Companies should ensure their hiring standards are not so high that they create an adverse impact.3. What are the steps an employer should take to become and implement its policy regarding employment-at-will?Employment at will involves the right of ever y the employer or employee to terminate the employment at any magazine, for any efficacious reason. To enact a policy of employment at will, a company needs to ensure that job offers are for an indeterminate time period. The job offer should include a statement that the employment will be strictly at will. All written documents, such as employee handbooks and applications moldiness affirm the at will relationship.4. Discuss some potential problems with furlough as an organizations first response to a need to cut labor costs.While downsizing has an immediate impact on decreasing labor costs, too many companies downsize without considering alternatives. There are many problems that can occur based on using downsizing first. Companies initially make job cuts that are too deep. This results in a workforce which is understaffed and unable to function stiffly. This affects the other employees who become demoralized, unmotivated, and unproductive. Many organizations that downsize direc tly have discovered that they failed to achieve most of the business objectives associated with the downsizing to begin with and they rehire at least some of the staff that they let go.Essay Questions (15 pts each) No more than 2 pages, double-spaced.1. For this question you will refer to the Application authorise Evaluating Staffing Process Results found on pages 676-678 in your text. Read the application and firmness questions 1&2 ONLY on the bottom of page 677.1. checker the yield ratios (offer receivers/applicants, bracing hires/applicants), time lapse or cycle times (days to offer, days to break down), and computer memory rates associated with each recruitment source.The days to offer measures the average number of days it takes to make job offers to applicants. The days to start measures the average number of days it takes from the beginning of the entire staffing serve up to the time the unexampled applicant is hired and begins their jobs. From highest to lowest eff ectiveness are employee referrals, paper ads and the employment agency. Employee referrals have the highest rate of return. The recruitment method from highest to lowest is employee referral, employment agency and report ads. Specifically, employee referrals had the smallest days-to-offer and days-to-start figures. In term of retention methods from highest to lowest are employee referrals, newspaper advertisements, and employment agency.2. What is the sexual congress effectiveness of the three sources in terms of yield ratios, cycle times, and retention rates differ in their relative effectiveness?Employee referrals were the most effective recruitment method based on yield ratios, time lapse, and retention rates. Current employees fully understand the company, its culture, and the fundamental job requirements. Due to this situation they are able to recommend quite a little they know who might fit well with the job and the organization. This was the most effective recruitment m ethod. This occurred because current employees did a good job prescreening individuals before they became candidates. The newspaper ads and employment agency did not do as well. These methods normally produce large numbers of applicants without any real screening taking place.You have just signed on as the Manager of Human Resources for a large manufacturing company in the Chicago area. Your company manufactures parts to the self-propelling industry such as air duct assemblies for various models of new vehicles as well as to the secondary market for these same parts. Upon conducting an audited account of HR initiatives and trying to understand the challenges you want to tackle, you meet that the overall perturbation rate for this company is 37%. You have not worked in this particularised industry but you feel at first glance that this number is high. Based on this limited information that you have, lay out a strategy for addressing employee turnover rate. You should include th e following in your answera. a expatiate explanation of what other information you must try to uncover to find out if the turnover is an issue that you must tackle b.assuming that you find that turnover is problematic, what strategies you might suggest to the CEO to address the issue, specifically addressing the possible causes of the high turnover in your answer.The 37% turnover rate is a major cause for concern. The turnover is high enough to warrant attention. It would be assistive to have some industry data to make a turnover comparison. Initially I would suggest that the CEO appoint a fourth-year Manager within HR to look at the backgrounds of the employees who left the in the last year. It would be helpful to know how long they were on the job before they quit and how they were performing in their position. It would extremely valuable to converse the workers who quit to learn more about wherefore they decided to leave. The publication interview data is probably the sing le most valuable minute of information that can be used to deal with a retention problem. The costs of the turnover are massive.It is disruptive to the organization, it affects the time and resources used to process the departing employees, and require additional time and resources to recruit hire and train new employees. Other costs could include damage to the morale and productivity of other employees and an increased likelihood that some of these workers may quit. I would create a formal exit interview process to find out why workers are leaving the organization. The results of these interviews should be shared with the managers of the departing employees as well as human resources. I would task HR with conducting an annual employee survey to assess the work environment.

Ethical Dilemmas – Abortion

In our society, there argon umteen ethical dilemmas that we atomic number 18 set about with that atomic number 18 virtu all in ally impossible to solve. sensation of the approximately hard-fought-fought and contr all oversial things that we are faced with is abortion. in that location are many a(prenominal) strong arguments both for and against the up proper(ip) to have an abortion which are so entangled that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the contrastive aspects of the argument. The total of a some cardinal, rights, and who is entitled to these rights, are a few of the many aspects which are very(prenominal) difficult to define.There are also issues of what raft would justify abortion. Because the issue of abortion is virtually impossible to solve, all unitary can hope to do is understand the different aspects of the argument so that if he or she is faced with that issue in their accept lives, they would be able to get up educated and thoughtful decisions in kettle of fishing with it. The translation of a some organic structure is an aspect of the abortion issue which raises some very difficult questions. Is an uninnate(p) bobble a person When does the unborn baby become a personThis is a difficult question because in order for peerless to manage it, he must define the incumbrance of a person. When describing the affectionateness of something, one needs to escribe the necessary and sufficient conditions of that thing. So how does one define the essence of a person Kant describes a person as a rational be. slightly people define the essence of a person from more of a biological standpoint. Nevertheless, defining the essence of a person is a very difficult thing for a group of people to agree on.One own definition of a person would most likely greatly impact his sentiment on whether abortion is morally justify or not. This becomes even more complex when one takes into account likelyity. Thi s raises the question of whether the fetus is an actual person r a potence person. umpteen would ask that a fetus is a potential person because it is has the potential to become what it is not yet. However, does a potential person have potential rights An example was used does a potential doctor have the rights of a licensed doctorWhen one is describing potentiality, solely he is really describing is what that thing is not. By declaring that a fetus is a potential person, one is also stating that a fetus is not a person. As one can see, this issue of the essence of a person and whether a fetus is a person is a very complex one. This becomes seven more omplicated if one takes into account the issue of rights. Now, the concept of gracious rights, that is to say, what American society dictates as tender rights, conflicts heavily with itself. On one hand, we form a deep and heavy opinion on one s right to life.On the early(a), we hold an equally strong opinion on one s freedom to live that life as they please. American society by and large has a securely notion in an individuals right to live. Therefore, if one comes to the conclusion that a fetus really is a person, then that fetus should receive the protection to it s right to live, as much as you or I. This society also olds the firm belief in one s right to the sovereignty of his or her own body, equal to that of one s right to live. In this case, it is authoritative that we understand what liberties we can and cannot take upon ourselves concerning our lives.Case in point, suicide. Society dictates what we are allowed to do, and how we are allowed to live, by law. Most of American laws are written to carry through one s rights to individuality, and one s right to take the intimacy to live their lives as they see fit. However, laws are also written to antagonize those who s actions compromise the liberties and freedoms of ther individuals, thus protecting the concepts and ideals of agency and liber ty. Based on our society s laws, essentially, we believe that what you do to yourself is your choice, and is accepted by law, so long as it doesn stop or impede the lives and freedoms of others.The difficulty in this dilemma lies within the question of whether an abortion falls into a phratry of protection of a charr s right s over the sovereignty of her own body, or whether it falls into a different class of an action which is not permissible because, according to some people, the fetus is a person whose life and freedom is being ompromised. The question of rights is further manifold by the different terms where the abortion issue could be raised.Many people would argue that abortion should not be used as birth control or as a means to deal with the consequences of promiscuous sex. However, how does one address the abortion issue in the circumstance of rape or incest Many say that in these circumstances, abortion is justified. The enigmatic thing is that the outcome is the sa me in both circumstances. The fetus is being denied its right to live and grow to its potential as a human being. Where does one draw the line What about case where there is medical exam complicationsFor example a woman becomes pregnant and goes to the doctor for an examination. During the doctor visit, mixed tests are run and it is discovered that the baby will be born severely deformed and that its quality of life would be extremely substandard. If the woman were to have an abortion, would it be justified What about a situation where a woman becomes pregnant and she does to the doctor and is told that the baby is deformed and the birth would most likely kill the get. The argument justifying abortion in this case goes sustain to the right to physical sovereignty ver one s own body.A person has the freedom to do what he or she wants to concerning their own body as long as it does not harm or compromise the freedom of another, except in self defense. Therefore, in the case of the mother who would most likely die in childbirth, an abortion could be justified because she is acting in self defense. And in the case of rape, many argue that an abortion is also justified because the woman s right to not conceive has been violated, therefore she should not be responsible for the consequences which came through no fault of her own. As on can see, the issue of abortion is on e that is xtremely complicated.The problem being that many of the ethical dilemmas involved in the abortion issue are so closely intertwined that they are difficult to distinguish from one another. There are some aspects of the issue that would dispose most people that abortion is justified, however when those aspects are combined with other intertwining aspects and imperatives, justification oftentimes becomes impossible. In conclusion, the issue of abortion is so complicated and controversial that it is unlikely that a consensus could be reached by American society. There are too many aspects of he issue which peoples views vary to widely.Some of these issues could be things such as the definition of a person, is the fetus a person, and if so when does it officially become a person. There is also the issue of rights. Do the rights of a person outweigh the rights of a non person. Does the right of a mother s sovereignty over her body outweigh the right of an unborn child to live. The answers to these questions are very diverse as a result of the diversity of the American society. With the issue of abortion, one s spatial relation toward it is going to be based on many things such as religious background and ersonal morals.There is no black and white answer to the abortion issue. Luckily we live in a country where we are able to decide for ourselves whether something is morally right or wrong. Thus, ultimately, the choice is ours. As with the many other ethical issues which we are faced with in our society, it is hard to come to a concrete answer until we are personally f aced with that issue. All we can do is make an effort to know all of the aspects which are involved so that we may be able to make a sound decision if we were faced with this problem in our own lives.

Leisure Essay Essay

Al ab pop out each(prenominal)(prenominal)one has some(a)what kind of empty epoch whether it is a couple hours or a couple days. What varies is the type of amateurish activities people choose to do during that measure. Although va usher outt and recreation is chosen based on ones unique individual interests, in that location atomic number 18 umpteen sociocultural go offcels that influence the type of recreational activities we do, when we do it and how often we do it. These promoters include political, religious, social, biological and many early(a)s. The sociocultural instrument that is most dominant in influencing my unfilled and recreation is the surroundingsal factor.environmental factors that influence my empty include the locality or compass that I a tolerate(p) in, the weather/climate, and too the family culture I was raised in. These factors help oneself the vacuous activities I am able to do and constrain original activities as well. The econo mic factor also has some influence on my unfilled and recreation. I find interest in many recreational activities but these factors take a crap great influence on the activities I fuck do. When constructing my seven day while office, on that point were a share of world(a) patterns that I noticed in terms of when I do my day by day activities.First of all, working out in the lyceum was one of my most regular recreational activities. I worked out at almost the uniform time every afternoon, right after my morning university enlightenes. On some occasions, after my work out, I playing perioded basketball and that was the altogether other physical activity I removed in. Moreover, a lot of my blank was used socializing at sign with my family and notice movies with them. different activities I did in my leisure was watch television, check my social media messages to keep in touch with friends, and watch games and highlights of the recreations I follow.These are all in door leisure activities which I work easy devil too. In my time map some activities were ambivalent as to whether they were considered leisure or not. For example there are countless periods throughout the week where I engage in prayer. I do not deem this activity leisure because it is considered a religious duty or responsibility. Although my time map has periods of leisure, overall there is not much time for leisure and recreation as bulk of my time is sacrificed for school.To sum up, my time map shows that many of my recreational activities are molded in distinct ways instead of being move at random, which shows that there are many factors that influence my leisure. An environmental factor that has a considerable influence in constraining my leisure is Torontos frore climate. Before I came to Canada, majority of my recreation consisted of playing outdoorsy entertainments such as cricket and soccer. I no longer play those sports as the weather is too cold and unsuitable for those outdoor activities. peerless thing to note is that in Canada, encouragement for pip-squeakren to play sports is lacking and there has been a trend showing fewer and fewer children participating in sport since the 1990s (http//publications. gc. ca/collections/Collection/CH24-1-2000-1E. pdf? ). It could be possible that maturement up in that kind of environment as a child influenced the lack of importance I give to sport during my leisure time. many another(prenominal) immigrants who come to Canada have to adapt and change their way of life, including what they do in their recreation (Khandor, 2011).Most newcomers slowly start assimilating to the sports that are touristy in Toronto (Khandor, 2011). In Parissa Safais lecture on newcomers, she stated that the much(prenominal) younger the immigrant is when they have to Canada, the more easily they assimilate to Canadas sport culture. When I came to Canada I slowly started playing basketball more and more every year because that was the best way for me to make friends and fit in to the new environment. Furthermore, during the winter months, basketball was the only sport I had access too because there were indoor courts available.These environmental factors inclined me to choose basketball as my main recreation in terms of competitive sport and now it is one of my deary sports. It was hard for me to engage in my antecedent recreational activities because nobody enthraled playing soccer or cricket. This constrained my choices in terms of what kind of recreational activities I wanted to do. another(prenominal) factor that separated me from playing sports such as soccer and cricket were economic factors. During the winter season, the only way I could play these sports was if I linked the indoor leagues but these leagues were quite expensive.Coming from a middle class family, these extra expenses were hard to manage and sustain. Soon it became too much and so I had to quit and find other recreational a ctivities to do in my leisure. Due to these unlike sociocultural factors, my involvement in plastered sports was bad hampered while other sports such as basketball were immensely facilitated. Another environmental factor that really controls when I do my leisure is the area or locality where I live. I do not live in a prestigious area and thus there are many things lacking such as recreation centers and secondary schools.Your construct environment influences how physically active you are because you are more likely engage in healthy recreational activities if they are close and easily loving to you (Handy, Susan et al, 2002). As Professor Humana discussed in his lecture, your environment and community plays a big role in what kind of recreational activities you do and how frequently you do them. The closest gym to me is on my university campus, almost one hour international and the membership is also cheap. As a result, I move to incessantly do my weightlifting recitation right after my morning university classes as shown on my time map.I know that if I commute home right after class instead of button to the campus gym, it becomes a lot more difficult to achieve that recreation later on. Waiting in the cold and taking the bus for one hour just to workout is a lot more unappealing and thus would drive me apart from engaging in this recreational activity. Because I am already on campus, I realize naturally that it is my only chance to go to the gym and workout as there is no recreational facility some where I live. This space and environment factor encourages and facilitates me to take part in this recreational activity at that specific time.In addition, I have a close friend who also goes to the gym at around the same time and we always workout together. Whenever I go to the gym with him, workouts are done more efficiently and competently because we always displace one another and push each other to the limit. Being in an environment where the w orkout is intense and done thoroughly gives me added bonus to go to the gym at that specific time. On top of that, I enjoy being in an environment where I am doing recreation with a friend as opposed to doing it by myself.These environmental factors, especially the locality/area factor, manipulate when I choose to do this type of leisure and facilitate how frequent I am in doing it. A sincere amount of my leisure time comprises of spending time with my family at home, whether it is watching a movie with them or just socializing. This recreational activity has a lot to do with the family environment I was raised in. Asian cultures tend to put a big emphasis on family obligation and having corroboratory family relationships (Fuligni, Tseng, and Lam, 1999).In these cultures, a persons value in fellowship is measured by how strong their family bond, including their distant relatives (Fuligni, Tseng, and Lam, 1999). In my family culture, spending time with your family is important as it shows good etiquette and respect. Whenever my parents have leisure time they always spend it doing something with the family as opposed to leaving out with their friends or doing something on their own. My father has always had a tradition of bringing home movies for the safe and sound family to watch together on the weekend. This gave me a family-first mentality so whenever I get leisure time, they are my first priority.As a child I have always seen this positive family atmosphere so it is natural for me to spend my leisure time with them. All in all, choosing to spend my leisure with my family is greatly facilitated by the environment I grew up in. One human face of my recreation that is severely prevented because of environmental factors is the opportunities I get to socialize and go out with my friends. All my friends live out of walking distance from me so it takes quite a bit of travel to reach their places. The cold, winter environment makes it even more difficult for m e to envision up with them and vice versa.Other environmental factors such as buses taking so long to arrive also make it hard to socialize or go out with anybody. Furthermore, there is a lot of construction around the area where I live and thus it is a long walk before I can get to any kind of shipation. In developing neighborhoods and areas the built environment are poorly constructed and thus there is minimal transport or transport is hard to access (Handy, Susan et al, 2002). The freezing winter weather, on with all these other factors really constrains my ability to socialize with my friends and go out.The only times I am able to socialize with my friends are if we meet up right after our university classes. In addition, sometimes economical factors also constrain my ability to socialize with my friends. Often times when my friends want to go out, the leisure activity requires a lot of money. Some examples include going to the movies, fancy restaurants, buffets, skiing and m any more. I do not have a job and my parents do not think it is necessary to be spending so much money on leisure and recreational activities.As a result of all these many factors, I am restrained from going out with my friends and thus they are rarely part of my leisure activities. A big part of my leisure and recreation includes going on the profit. This includes all the social media sites such as twitter, facebook, skype and many others. Furthermore, it includes the various sports web sites I go on to see the highlights and get updated with the modish scores. Surfing the internet is a type of recreation that almost every student is familiar with. The amount of students that spend time on the internet has gone up at an exponential rate over the recent phoebe bird years (Aguiar, 2006).I believe there are many factors that lead me and many others to use our leisure time surfing the internet. Firstly, we live in an environment where the internet is accessible almost anywhere you g o. You can access it through your cell phone, laptop or computer. Also, I do not live close to any of my friends and it is difficult to meet up with them in such cold weather conditions. In a way, this gives me motivator to go on these various social media sites so I can keep in touch with my friends and stay updated. In fact, statistical synopsis shows that social media is by far the most popular sites that students visit on the internet (http//nces. ed. gov/pubs2006/2006065. pdf).I also use the internet to stay updated with my favorite sports. During the school year there is not enough leisure time to sit down for hours and watch sports games. With the internet available almost all the time, you can find out the score and watch quick highlights so you can still have some leisure in a work filled day. On the whole, with the cold winter environment tutelage me indoors majority of the time, there is a lot more incentive for me to use an indoor activity such as the internet, during my leisure time.The cold weather climate also has influence on the remaining leisure activities I part take in. These activities include watching television, listening to music or just relaxing on my bed. What all these activities have in common are that they are indoor activities and easy to access. Of all the environmental factors, the climate had the greatest affect on my leisure. Although leisure and recreation whitethorn seem to be things that are done with a lot of immunity and agency, that is not the case. There are many hidden factors and circumstances that ordinate what type of recreational activities you take part in and when your leisure time occurs.Because I was born outside of Canada, in a hot and wet country, I feel that environmental factors had the biggest and most glaring affect on my leisure and recreation. The patterns and frequencies of my leisure activities made me reflect on what factors facilitated some of my recreation. My inability to take part in some of the leisure activities I liked, showed me the factors that extort some of my recreation. In conclusion, I learned that although we choose the type of leisure and recreation we participate in and enjoy, that too is influence by certain factors. References Aguiar, M.(2006).Measuring trends in leisure The allocation of time over five decades. Cambridge, Massachusetts National Bureau of Economic Research. http//www. nber. org. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/papers/w12082 enculturation Statistics Program. 1998. Sport Participation in Canada. Statistics Canada. http//publications. gc. ca/collections/Collection/CH24-1-2000-1E. pdf? Fuligni, A. J. , Tseng, V. and Lam, M. (1999), Attitudes toward Family Obligations among American Adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European Backgrounds. Child Development, 70(4), 10301044. doi 10. 1111/1467-8624. 00075.Handy, S. L. , Boarnet, M. G. , Ewing, R. , & Killingsworth, R. E. (2002). How the built environment affects physical activity. Ame rican journal of preventive medicine, 23(2), 64-73. Khandor, E. (2011). The global city Newcomer health in toronto. Ebrary version. Toronto Ontario Toronto Public Health Access Alliance Multicultural Health and company Services. http//celarc. ca. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/cppc/232/232994. pdf MARCIVE-York University. 9/21/2006. Computer and internet use by students in 2003 statistical analysis report. http//nces. ed. gov/pubs2006/2006065. pdf.

Student Sport and Fitness

display panel of content 1. Introduction3 2. Key literature review3 3. Methodology5 4. debut of findings7 4. 1. Quantitative entropy7 4. 2. Qualitative data12 5. Data analysis14 5. 1. erudition of NTUs contain Students towards bid and sensible fitness14 5. 2. Do NTU track Students main(prenominal)tain their wellness by combat-ready in gambol and animal(prenominal) activities? 15 6. Reflections on the assembly and Utilisation of Data17 6. 1. Reflective comment18 6. 1. 1. Collection Data18 6. 1. 2. Utilisation of Data19 6. 2. Abstract Conceptualisation20 6. 3. wide awake Experimentation20 7. Conclusion21 References22 Appendices24 ? 1.Introduction Nowa years, frolic and Fitness is becoming much and to a greater extent than overhear wind in emotional state of every plurality solely over the world. According to Euro barometer (2010), it is beca map commonwealth atomic number 18 macrocosm awargon of the vital of doing maneuver and material bodily functio n to improving health dickens in physical and mental. However, callable to the miss of in sortingation in connection with university student in the UK, this report enc crapperheigates the detection and process of students towards athletic competition and fitness of students in Nottingham Trent University (NTU). The data which is utilised in this study was acquired through quantifiable and soft apparent motion.Questionnaire and interview are respectively conducted on 50 and 10 NTUs Man eonment Master Students of family course of the academic year 2011/2012. The respond localize is 100% for both types of searches. 2. Key literature review in that location are numerous studies of shimmer and fitness which illustrating vast returnss of playfulness participant. fun and PA are constituents of enhancing health and enriching the favorable interconnection to support a meaningful spiritedness to community all over the world (GRANT, 2001 COLLINS and KAY, 200328 RENFROW et al, 2011).Nevertheless, International prodigious Committee (2011) emphasised the risk of insufficient amusement and physical activities (PA) in adolescents which lead negative affect to health physically and mentally. Laverie (1998) suggests the well-nigh hearty tenabilitys hike participants are nurture fun, learn new skills, commence friends, social group. However, despite the recognition of features vitality, non everyone participate in lark and PA, peckable to the contrasts of a number of constituents.The table following illust estimates two main factors which affect amusement partnership the or so date and sexuality. There are excessively more or less studies ab egress separate(a) factors such as availability of grand space and family culture. AUTHORSMain StudyAgeGenderOther factors VAN TUYCKOM, et al. (2010)Gender and eld battles in weak bid participation across 25 European Countries. The level of participation in regular cavorting activities va ries among young adults, middle-aged adults, and previous(a) adults age categories. In general, men participate in regular sporting activities than women.COOMBES (2010)The family of PA and overweight which measured by availableness and utilisation of green spacePeople tend to be more active and participate in sport and PA when being surrounded with more green spaces RENFROW, M. S. , et al (2011)The alliance between sports participation and health-related physical fitness in middle school quantify and high school. Increase in male participant testament ontogenesis health-related physical fitness, but non womanlys due to the difference of opinion in descriptor of sport elect. BIRCHWOOD, D. et al. (2008) WHEELER, S. 2012)Family culture has substantial affect to sport participation. Living in the family which parents invest a considerable amount in sport will influence childrens sporting participation in the future. In this explore, the rule book sport is utilise non quie t down for activities which require specific skills and inflexible rules to compete against other individuals or teams in specific areas. It also involves idle physical activities which do not require competition but also pull up stakes healths benefit such as libe proportionalityn to performance at lyceumnasium.In other words, it is called folksy activities (LAOUSTET and GRIFFET, 2001). BOREHAM and RIDDOCH (2001) invite-to doe with that performing organized sports either officially or in black-tiely results healthy body for hoaryer children. Furthermore, plenty now participate in physical activities not only follow sport organisations but also on their own rooms in the streets or in a park based on the need in expanding green spaces or downtown park for informal activities (Coombes, 2010, LAOUSTET and GRIFFET, 2001). It is signifi sightt evidence demonstrating the benefit of sport and PA.The whole world transforms the consequential of sport and PA in life and there are an change magnitude number of organisations with several(prenominal) policies to incite participant in sport and PA to maintain health and fitness such as Sport England. However, the main subject is broadly children, young adult, athletic student and older populate. That is the occasion to carry protrude this report. 3. Methodology In this interrogation study, primary research was conducted with the purpose of collecting qualitative and valued data through questionnaire and matched interview.Quantitative research was conducted on the strain of 50 management curb students of Nottingham Trent University. The questionnaire was actual to examine the perception and action of students for participating in sports. The questionnaires with 14 questions ( leave more in appendix A) were given divulge to 50 management master students with the respond rate is 100%. The research attempted to focus on equally gender among respondents, yet the reality is 29 male and 21 female with a variety of age (Table 1) Table 1 absolute frequence of respondents on the basis of ages FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid1812. 02. 02. 0 2012. 02. 4. 0 2112. 02. 06. 0 22510. 010. 016. 0 23612. 012. 028. 0 241428. 028. 056. 0 251428. 028. 084. 0 2624. 04. 088. 0 2724. 04. 092. 0 3024. 04. 096. 0 3212. 02. 098. 0 3612. 02. 0100. 0 Total50100. 0100. 0 Qualitative research was conducted on 10 students. all(prenominal) interviewee was asked eight questions in spite of appearance 8 minutes duration in sightly (see more in vermiform appendix C). All interviews were recoded under permission of interviewees and tallyly were coded in order to be used in this study. Before carrying out the research, questionnaire and interview questions are piloted by all sections in group 5-cohort D. 4. Presentation of findings 4. 1.Quantitative data Fortuitously, the ratio of students which place sport in priority fructify in their passing(a) life is equally with 50% do and other 50% do not. There is an assumption that sport which was ranked as 1st, 2nd or 3rd is considered as all historic(p) in their insouciant quotidian. The result illustrates only 22 respondents (44%) who ranked sport as heavy in their perfunctory routine. Among those, there are 6 respondents who are female (Table 2). Fourth is the or so everyday ranking for importance of sport in womens day-by-day routine with 12 respondents. In any case, respondents tout ensemble agree that sport is benefit to maintain physical health.Table 2 The serious of sport in mundane routine on the basis of gender (1 as the almost important, and 6 as the least important) GenderTotalCumulative Total male personFemale How is important of sport in your daily routine? 1Count5166 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 83. 3%16. 7%100. 0% 2Count43713 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 57. 1%42. 9%100. 0% 3Count72922 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 77. 8%22. 2%100. 0% 4Count5121739 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 29. 4%70. 6%100. 0% 5Count62847 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 5. 0%25. 0%100. 0% 6Count21350 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 66. 7%33. 3%100. 0% TotalCount292150 % within How is important of sport in your daily routine? 58. 0%42. 0%100. 0% According to manikin 1, respondents who considered sport as important in daily life are lost from age 18th to age 30th. The middle line represents the median of the strain which means the middle value of entire age prove in this case, it is age 24th. The box size represents the distribution of the sample in this case, the sample in the first place distributed among those respondents whose ages are between 24th and 25th.Two little circles on the graph represented two values (18th age and 30th age) which extremely departed from the rest of sample. conception 1 Box plots of ages amon g respondents who rated sport as most important. In addition to those 44% of above respondents, in margin of sport, mostly they are eliminateing on fees (sport gild or gym smart present fees) (24% in 44%) following is equipment and others with 16% and 4% respectively (Table 3). Table 3 Frequency of respondents on the basis of which is spent most. FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Valid2856. 056. 056. 0 Equipment816. 016. 072. 0 Fees1224. 24. 096. 0 Others24. 04. 0100. 0 Total50100. 0100. 0 However, on the basis of gender, half(a) of male (8 respondents) go the most on equipment, 6 of the remainder spend on fees. On the other hands, 100% female merely spend on fees (Figure 2). Figure 2 What is the most spent on by male and female? In related to the frequency of sport participation, result signified 17 respondents doing sport 2 or 3 days per calendar week which take 34% which is demonstrated on figure 3. followers right later on are weekly and occasionally wit h 28% (14 respondents) evenly. Figure 3 Frequency of participating in sport and PARegarding the attitude and action towards doing sport, sport playing in casual focus is enjoyed the most according to 34 selections from respondents. The next most enjoyed is gymnastic activities in casual trend with 15 selections. Following is doing sport and gymnastic activities in formal way with 13 and 4 selections respectively. Conversely, the most popular way that respondents really do is doing gymnastic activities in formal way with 26 selections. Follow formally work out at gymnasium are doing gymnastic activities in casual way, doing sport casually and doing sport formally with 23, 20, 18 selections correspondingly (figure 4).Figure 4 Differences between attitude and action towards doing sport. Regarding the place students take up the most for doing sport sport high societys, gymnasium and parks are the priority choices (Figure 5). University landed estate is the least choice with only 4 selections. Figure 5 Where students choose to do sport the most. Result revealed only 24% (12 respondents) have linked sport clubs with major reasons are keep fit and having fun (include their ego and with friends).There is an open format question which asked for reason why people in general fall in sport clubs, results indicated involved for healthier, enjoyment and fitness, with the most popular reason is healthier (11 given) (Figure 6). It is noticed that only two- tertiary of total respondents admit reasons. Figure 6 Most popular reasons for students connexion sport clubs Laziness was the majority reason (34 selections) for miscarry out sport and PA of master students in NTU. Workload and fourth dimension constraint respectively followed by with 15 and 13 selections (Figure 7) Figure 7 Most popular reasons for students to fail to participate in sport 4. . Qualitative data Research attained 7 out of 10 respondents have hobby which related to sport and physical activities ( Table 4). lone(prenominal) one of them is doing sport formally that is defined as trainings with adequate facilities and coaches. irrespective of some respondents do not have sport hobby, everyone suggested sport is subjective in life. They find it is healthier compare between before and after doing sport. Table 4 Common hobby which related to sport and physical activities cited by respondents R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10 _ flow badminton and tennis or some clip go to gym.Doing sport activities, in particular training boxing. Playing basketball with friends. _Playing sport generally. Going to gymPlay football, swimming, badminton_Love swimming and skating (Note R is interpreted as Respondent) disdain of the similar sporting hobby, the reason for some respondents to participant in sport and PA is totally diverse (table 6). It is noticed not every respondents mention this in their exercises. Laziness is the reason that every respondents (100%) suggested for unsuccessful in participat ing in sport and PA. Table 6 Reasons for respondents participation in sport and PA R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10 N/ATo get ability to compete in matchesTo have fun with friends. Also it is better for health_N/AI am not kind of sport person, but command to fit my bodyTo be healthy_N/A Result discovered the difference in participation in sport and PA of several respondents who are international students (R1, R2 and R3) between in their home dealry and in the UK (Table 7) Table 7 Different in attitude of respondents R1In India go to gym twice or thrice per week In the UK no pastime in any sporting activities R2In India playing badminton, tennis In the UK go to gym only R4In Vietnam swimming, play basketball everydayIn the UK playing basketball, but not very frequency. Regarding the awareness of doing sport whether in formal or informal way, moderately, respondents are aware of so numerous opportunities to exercise around them, yet, not all of students take that. Conversely, in some cases, students are not aware that they are doing exercise by winning those opportunities. 5. Data analysis 5. 1. Perception of NTUs Master Students towards sport and fitness The objective of this research question is to clarify there is a tightly fitting relationship between sport and fitness regardless formal or informal form.Besides, it also examines the most important have sex that students join sport and PA for. At a glance, from both quantitative and qualitative data, NTU students concur sport and physical activities has a relationship to fitness. In other words, they are stand byful to maintain their health not only in physical but also in mental side. Obviously, the result ricocheted equivalent points with key literature review. Research also realised NTU Master Students neither lean towards informal nor formal sport and PA. The fact is 43 students want benefit from sport and gym in casual way and 44 students want them in formal way (Figure 3).In other words, it apprise be express quite a lot of students real do both formal and informal sport and PA. However, doing sport casually is the way they most enjoy. related to qualitative data, most of respondents (exclude respondent 3) prefer casual way doing sport mainly due to laziness and time constraint. For example, respondent 7 comprehend sport in his daily routine completely casually. His exercise mainly are walking on the street or going to gym and exercise on his way. Also according to figure 3, the matter contemplateed the difference in students attitude towards participating in sports and the action they really do.Indeed, 34 respondents enjoy playing sport casually however, only 20 students actually do that. Surprisingly, sport clubs where people can do sport formally is still the most popular place for NTU Master Students involving in sport and PA. With respect to which is spent on more in term of screeningup participants, sport/gym club fees are spent on the most regardless the gender. Addi tionally, equipment is spent on predominantly by male. It is easily sensed that, female are more likely to get involve in sport and PA which is provided with convenience such as joining club to get full facilities and assistance from trainer.On the contrary, male students not only invest in fees but also in equipment and others which are able to plead substantial support to participants. Related to other study, findings indicated the most significant reasons which encourage NTUs students join sport clubs are to be healthier, enjoyment and fitness. By means of that, it clearly proved NTU Master Student are truthfully concerned about their health. In contrast, when postulation respondents whose hobby related to sport activities for participating reasons, 3 out of 4 respondents sufficeed not related to health benefit. Competition, have fun with friends and body fit were the answers.Essentially, sport brings so many benefits in general however, the benefits transform among differen t students. Whatsoever the benefits students want, health factor always exists. Indeed, doing sport require a large volume of movements including ponderosity groups used, hence, providing more strength, flexible and endured body and health (BOREHAM and RIDDOCH, 2001) In brief, NTU Master Students moot a relationship between sport and fitness regardless the way of acting neither formally or informally. There is a difference in students attitude towards doing sport and their real action.Health is the most concern issue for them to joining sport and PA. 5. 2. Do NTU Master Students maintain their health by participating in sport and physical activities? The objective of this research question is to find out whether students maintain their health by participating in sport and PA and also expose factors influence students participating in sport and PA. From the sections above it is straightforwardly seen that, even though students recognise the important of sport in life and really car e about their health, not every of them participating in sport and PA.Only 44% respondents considered sport as important in their daily routine. However, there is not matching with other figure. In fact, up to 50% respondents stated sport is priority in their daily routine. The reason of bias might due to not reflect carefully before ranking the importance of daily activities of some respondents (question 3, see more in Appendix 1). In term of learning the frequency of participating in sport and PA of NTU Master Students, playing sport 2-3 days per week was chosen by more than two third of the sample size. Unpredictably, recitation everyday was the a couple of(prenominal)est choice with only 2 selections.Both quantitative and qualitative data reflected that laziness is the most considerable reason causing unsuccessful in doing sport and PA of NTUs student. through interviews, in addition to laziness, almost agreed they felt on joining in sport and PA because they are busy with th eir study which can be considered as the combination of workload and time constraint options in quantitative data. It is vital to understand the most considerable factors affect students concerning their involvement in sport. For NTUs Master Students, gender reflected the significant difference in their attitude towards sport and PA.Indeed, among 44% respondents above, 72% of them are male, only 28% are female. This result reflected the issue about factors which affect peoples participation in sport and PA in Van Tuyckoms study (2010). However, only partial issue corrected as age tend to not have so much influence on NTU students participation (Figure 1). The reason is probably due to the limited on chosen sample which only master students. 24th and 25th are the most popular ages in this research due to the fact that median(prenominal)ly, master students ages vary mostly between ages 22nd to age 25th.Therefore, it is understandable why respondents in 44% above mainly dispensed in t hose two ages. Added into the above, qualitative research discovered culture also played important usage in term of influence NTUs student in joining sport and PA. In more details, it is due to the differences in their social life and environment between their home countries and the UK. Respondent 2 expressed after coming to UK for study, she usually does not have so much time to exercise, therefore, going to gym and work out by her way in a short time is her solution for keeping fitness.Besides, respondent 4 who is influence to participate in sport by his friends stated due to lack of friends in the UK, he feel lack of motivation to do sport, therefore, he rather stay at home and play his best-loved com puzzleer games than involving in sport. Despite participating in sport and PA in clubs, gyms or exercise on one selfs way to keep fit and healthy there are scads of opportunities to exercise offered everywhere such as not taking a lift to go up but using a stair. by means of qu alitative research, when being asked for the awareness of opportunities to exercise of people in general, the outcome was moderately balanced.A number of respondents supposed people recognise opportunities to exercise during normal activities in life. Some of others expressed the disagreement. Respondent 4 said almost my friends like to play computer games we usually play games, so I dont deal they know what the opportunity to exercise is. Regarding whether people take opportunities to exercise or not, the results depend on their attitude towards sport and fitness, and the situation is. Respondent 3 answered because he does not really count on fitness thus, he takes lift when he feels lazy.Some respondents are capable to walk from home to school and vice versa as they enjoy exercising and also enjoy the fresh air. On the other hands, some people do not recognise themselves are exercising through their daily activities. Respondent 6 mentioned for generally female extremely love s hopping, and that can be considered as an opportunity to exercise, but not everyone know it. Concisely, NTU Master Students do participating in sport and PA to maintain their health, yet, not everyone does. Research also figured out gender and culture have influence the rate of involvement.Besides, people understand there are so many opportunities to exercise around them however, not all of them do. 6. Reflections on the Collection and Utilisation of Data Reflection is necessary in learning, which requires look back on what were been done, carefully think about it, learn from it to achieve more impelling performance (Moon, 1999). In this section, Kolbs learning cycle (1984) is used to facilitate the thoughtfulness of this report (Figure 7). I might start from reflection point forwards because concrete experience was what I have been doing from the origin to the end of this report.Figure 7 Kolbs Learning Cycle (Source Kolb, 1984 p. 23) 6. 1. Reflective Observation 6. 1. 1. Collect ion Data At the beginning, we only concentrated to other mettle mental facultys and underestimated the important of research method module. Therefore, we received almost negative feedback for fictile presentation which was the chance for us to demonstrate our understanding of the given paper as well as research questions. After the leading from module tutor, we unders in additiond what we must focus on to draw give up research questions for our given topic.After our research questions were clear, learned from previous experience, we put a lot of effort to design questionnaire and interview questions from the starting point. Once again, we received a lot of negative feedback due to the lack of experience in designing questions. It was not because the questions did not support our research but the way of asking which were quite ambiguous and direct. As, those kinds of questions might cause difficulties for respondents when extending to answer them (Bryman and Bell, 2003).We le arned from negative feedback, and redesigned them till r separatelying the most appropriate and supportive questions (see more in appendices A and C). Our group included five members had to conduct 50 questionnaires and 10 interviews. Consent form is attached to every single questionnaires and interviews for respondents to read, understand and sign in which could ensure respondents confidence. The works were divided equally to each member. give thankss to the support of the university, we could complete our mission within one week.Also, the rivet sample was our university fellows who did exactly the corresponding as we had to do. Therefore, they ready functioned us to adjoin in questionnaires as well as were being so eager to answer our interviews. Despite of that, there were some limitations when collecting data. Firstly, we totally overlooked the gender factor in our sample involved due to our just about hasty when sending out questionnaires and delivering interviews which a ffected the terminal result. The fact, gender section did not affect so much on questionnaire analysis as luckily the ifferent ratio between female and male (0. 420. 5) among questionnaire sample was not significant. However, it did not repeat with interview sample (0. 30. 5). Therefore, in final result where related to gender, I could not compare and reflect the outcome between qualitative and quantitative data. Knowing that university created favourable conditions to help us on the job(p) smoothly, so we tried to collect all quantitative data in only a few hours. That is why we could not control the quality of each form and consequently led to a number of bias data.Therefore, the results were considered as moderately convincing. blush though the questionnaire form was designed and piloted before sending out to respondents, there were a few mistakes which we did not recognise until the collecting and analysing data process had finished. For example, in questionnaire form, still there is a leading question (question 14) which appear to lead respondents in a particular direction (Bryman and Bell, 2003). Moreover, such question did not provide respondents space to express their view completely.Question 5 was quite ambiguous that do few people confused to answer and therefore led to unpredicted result. Our questionnaire involved a couple of open questions. Although answers required more time in coding but it also brought wider knowledge to us. Yet, the respond rate could not achieve 100% for those questions because it required greater effort from respondents and usually many of them did not write expansively in questionnaires. Furthermore, question 9 and 10 was likely unhelpful to research questions. 6. 1. 2. Utilisation of DataWe agreed to use Microsoft Excel as a first place where quantitative data are put together. Similarly, after interviewing, each member has a certificate of indebtedness to write down transcripts of their interviews. Our leader was responsible for putting all data together and would send it to every member with purpose of ensuring same set of data is used. After receiving all data, SPSS and Excel were used at the same time to assist me analyse quantitative data in this report. On the other hands, interview data was coded with purpose of using in qualitative analysis.Two set of data subsequently were compared and contrasted to each other to find differences and similarities. I believe our data are moderately reliable and valid. Firstly, our selected sample was menses NTU Master Students therefore the results are repeatable for those studies with same kind of sample. Even though only 85% quantitative data was used due to some of asking questions did not relevant to research questions the remaining data was helpful to deliver meaningful information which directly answered our research questions.However, it is requisite the limitation in utilising data, due to unachievable 100% respond rate in a couple of questi ons and the lack of designing questions. Indeed, there were too little options for respondents to choose in some questions. For example Question 13 actually had a wide range of answers, yet, we only provided 4 options included other options. 6. 2. Abstract Conceptualisation Bryman and Bell (200336) emphasise the vital enjoyment of research questions in implementing a research. Therefore, it is necessary and fundamental to draw appropriate research questions clearly from the starting point of a research.Consequently, qualitative and quantitative research must be designed under research questions in order to collect data that helpful in providing meaningful final results. In term of designing questions, sample size and gender ratio must be noticed to enable to gather supportive data. testing questionnaire on some of our friends before sending out to ensure all questions are useful and enable to avoiding such as leading, ambiguous questions. Besides, put more effort during collecting period to avoid randomly answer from respondents.Throughout the researching period, we experienced not only academic works but also team working. Even though this is not our first time working together, yet the first time working together for such a long time. We understand that effectiveness of the whole group brings huge autocratic effect to our results. Meeting on time, responsibility and enthusiasm are shew as important in order to achieve the most effective result. 6. 3. Active Experimentation If I had to do this report again, I would try out what I have learnt from experiences.Firstly and also the most important liaison is I would put highly concentration from the very beginning. I would remediate my designing questions skills through reading more books before starting designing. That would let off my time as well as increasing the effectiveness of the questions in particular and for whole research in general. When collecting data, I would be more concerned on choosing s ample in order to get more reliable and validity data. When analysing data, analyse skills are extremely essential to be able to get the best out of the data.With the purpose of acquire better research, I would improve my analyse skills and get better help from computer assisted such as SPSS for quantitative data or NVivo for qualitative data. Last but not least, when working with team, I would make sure that the group would follow three elements above to work as the most effective manner. 7. Conclusion Throughout this research, the research questions raised at the beginning are able to be answered. Regarding sport and fitness topic, research found out the difference between attitude and action of NTU Master Students.Furthermore, differences due to gender, culture are also discovered. In addition to sport, although students are able to recognise opportunities to exercise in their daily life, they are not likely to engage in. A number of reasons were spotted concerning the failure i n involving in sport and exercise. In general, it would bring highly effect to several health issues such as obesity which is extremely alert to not only developed countries but also developing countries. References ALAN, B. 1. , and BRYMAN, A. , 1947-, 2003. Business research methods. Oxford Oxford Oxford University Press.BIRCHWOOD, D. , ROBERTS, K. and POLLOCK, G. , 2008. Explaining differences in sport participation rates among young adults Evidence from the southerly Caucasus. European Physical Education Review, 14 (3), 283-298. BOREHAM, C. , and RIDDOCH, C. , 2001. The physical act, fitness and health of children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19 (12), 915-929. COLLINS, M. F. , and KAY, T. , 2003. Sport and social exclusion. Psychology Press. COOMBES, E. , JONES, A. P. and HILLSDON, M. , 2010. The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use.Social Science & Medicine, 70 (6), 816-822. EUROBAROMETER, 2010. Sport and Physical Activity pdf Available at http//ec. europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_334_en. pdf Accessed 11/04/12 GRANT, B. C. , 2001. Youre never too old beliefs about physical activity and playing sport in later life. Ageing and Society, 21 (6), 777-798. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. 2011. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45 (11), 839-848. KOLB, D. A. , and KOLB, D. A. 1984. Experiential learning experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. London Englewood Cliffs, N. J. London Prentice-Hall. LAOUSTET, O. , and GRIFFET, J. , 2001. The Experience of Teenagers at Marseilles glide Park Emergence and Evaluation of an Urban Sports Site. Cities, 18 (6), 413-418. MOON, J. A. , and MOON, J. A. , 1999. Reflection in learning and professional development theory and practice. London London Kogan Page. RENFROW, M. S. , CAPUTO, J. L. , OTTO, S. M. , FARLEY, R. R. and EVELAND-SAYERS, B. , 2011.The family relationship between Sports Participation and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Middle work and High School Students. Physical Educator, 68 (3), 118-123. VAN TUYCKOM, ,CHARLOTTE, SCHEERDER, J. and BRACKE, P. , 2010. Gender and age inequalities in regular sports participation A cross-national study of 25 European countries. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28 (10), 1077-1084. WHEELER, S. , 2012. The significance of family culture for sports participation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47 (2), 235-252. Appendices Appendix A The questionnaire utilised to collect dataSTUDENT SPORTS AND FITNESS This questionnaire is designed as part of our research project which relating to Sport and Fitness among NTU Master Students. enrapture note that your participation is voluntary and that your data are anonymous and confidential. 1)Age .. 2)Gender ? Male ? Female 3)Please rate the following options based on the activities yo u carry out in your daily routine (Rank on the scale of 1-6, 1 being more time allocated and 6 being least time allocated). ? Sport or exercise ? University work ? Home ? Job (Part-time/full-time) ? Social life Others If you rank out sports/exercise between 1 to 3 than answer 4th question 4)Which of the followings do you spend more on (in term of sport) ? Fees (club/gym membership) ? Equipment ? Other 5)In what ways and for what reasons you choose to do sport/exercise (Select with v) EnjoyWant Benefits Casual PlaySport Formal Play Casual PlayGym Formal Play 6)How oftentimes do you play? ? Everyday ? 2-3 days per week ? Weekly ? periodic ? Occasionally 7) Does sports/exercise take the priority position in your daily routine? ? Yes? No 8) Where do you usually play sport? ? Sport clubs Parks ? University grounds ? Street ? Gymnastic ? Other options 9)Are you aware of the different sports clubs available in the university? ? Yes? No 10)Have you join a sport club? ? Yes (go to Q11)? No (go to Q12) 11) wherefore did you join? (Give 1 or 2 reasons) 12)Why do other students join sport clubs? (Give 1 or 2 reasons) 13)Think of your friends who do not do sport.Why? ? Laziness ? Workload ? Time constraint ? Other reasons 14)Do you think sports are helpful in maintaining physical health? ? Yes? No Thank you for your precious time. We would be glad to have your name and email organize if you wish to be interviewed about this phenomenon. Name Email address . Appendix B Completed questionnaire Appendix C The interview questions utilised to collect data Question 1 What hobbies/activities you like doing in your spare time?Question 2 How people perceive about sports in their daily routine? Question 3 Do you think there is a relationship between sport and fitness? Question 4 What difference do you feel before and after doing sports? Question 5 Why people engage themselves in sports? Question 6 Do people recognise opportunities to exercise? (Did you take that? Or what reason for not taking that? ) Appendix D Observation sheet that other group member has performed on my interview Appendix E Observation sheet that I have performed on my group members interview